Computer system to generate scalable plots using clustering

ABSTRACT

One or more embodiments may include techniques to computer generate one or more plots based on computational clustering performed by a system. Embodiments include performing clustering on a dataset to generate a number of clusters of data for the dataset. The clusters may be processed and used to generate the one or more plots. In some embodiments, the plots may include one or more variables plotted against a weighted average score associated with a cluster, the plot may visually indicate the effect that the one or more variables has on the predicted outcome. The one or more plots may be presented in a display on a display device. In some embodiments, the plots may be segmented and each segment may correspond with a number of individual curves. The segmented curves may be plotted and displayed on the display device.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of, claims the benefit of andpriority to previously filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/927,610filed Mar. 21, 2018, entitled “A Computer System to Generate ScalablePlots Using Clustering Related Application”, which claims the benefit ofpriority of 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/474,752, filed on Mar. 22, 2017, which are incorporated byreference.

SUMMARY

This summary is not intended to identify only key or essential featuresof the described subject matter, nor is it intended to be used inisolation to determine the scope of the described subject matter. Thesubject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portionsof the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, andeach claim.

Various embodiments described herein may include an apparatus comprisingprocessing circuitry, and memory to store instructions that, whenexecuted by the processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry todetermine a dataset and a model to generate one or more partialdependence (PD) plots, each of the one or more PD plots to visuallyindicate an effect that corresponding one or more variables has on apredicted outcome, perform clustering on the dataset to generate anumber of clusters of data for the dataset, each cluster of datacomprising a cluster center value, each of the cluster center values torepresent data in a corresponding cluster, generate a reduced datasetincluding each of the cluster center values representing data in thecorresponding cluster, replicate each of the cluster center values ofthe reduced dataset for each of the one or more variables, wherein anumber of replications of the cluster center values is based on a numberof unique values of the one or more variables to plot, score each of theclusters using the cluster center values and the model to generate ascore for each of the cluster, generate average scores for the clustersby averaging the scores across the clusters, generate weighted averagescores by weighting the average scores with cluster frequencies for theclusters, generate the one or more PD plots each corresponding with avariable of the one or more variables plotted against one of theweighted average scores by applying the model to the reduced dataset tovisually indicate the effect that the one or more variables has on thepredicted outcome, and present the one or more PD plots in a display ona display device.

In embodiments, the display comprises a graphical user interface (GUI)and the of one or more PD plots are presented in one of a one-dimension(1D) PD plot display and a two-dimension (2D) PD plot display.

Embodiments also include performing clustering on the dataset isk-prototype clustering, where k is the number of clusters, and theprocessing circuitry to determine the number of clusters by one of anAligned Box Criterion (ABC) method and a user provided value.

In embodiments, the processing circuitry to associate data of thedataset to a cluster having a nearest cluster center value, the nearestcluster center value to provide a proxy representation for the data.

In embodiments, each cluster center value is a central vector of acluster, and at least one of the cluster center values equals a datapoint of data in a particular cluster, or at least one of the clustercenter values does not equal a data point of data in a particularcluster.

In some embodiments, the processing circuitry to detect an input, theinput to cause processing of a macro code, the macro code comprising oneor more of an indication of the dataset, an indication of the one orvariables to plot, an indication of model score code for the model, anindication of the predicted outcome, an indication of the number ofclusters, an indication of a type of clustering, and an indication of atype of plot, and initiate generation of the one or more PD plots basedon the detected input.

In embodiments, the processing circuitry to process a macro code togenerate the one or more PD plots, the macro code comprising anindication of the dataset and an indication of a model score code forthe model, determine the dataset based on the indication of thedatasets, determine the model and score code based on the indication ofthe model score code for the model, and score each of the clustersutilizing the score code.

Some embodiments include processing circuitry to process a macro code togenerate the one or more PD plots, the macro code comprising anindication of a type of clustering to perform on the data set, andperform the clustering on the dataset to generate the clusters based onthe indication of the type of clustering to perform indicated in themacro code.

Embodiments include processing circuitry to process a macro code togenerate the one or more PD plots, the macro code comprising anindication of one or more variables to plot, determine the unique valuesfor the one or more variables to plot based on the indication of the oneor more variables, and replicate each of the cluster center values ofthe reduced dataset based on a number of unique values.

In embodiments, an apparatus may include an input device coupled withthe memory and the processing circuitry. The apparatus may also includethe display device coupled with the input device, the memory, and theprocessing circuitry, the display device to present the one or more PDplots, and the input device to receive one or more inputs to manipulateat least one of the one or more PD plots, and the processing circuitryto perform a manipulation including one or more of zooming in a sectionof a plot, zooming out on a section of a plot, rotating one or moreplots, highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, and selecting a plot.

Embodiments also include a computer-implemented method includingdetermining a dataset and a model to generate one or more partialdependence (PD) plots, each of the one or more PD plots to visuallyindicate an effect that corresponding one or more variables has on apredicted outcome, performing clustering on the dataset to generate anumber of clusters of data for the dataset, each cluster of datacomprising a cluster center value, each of the cluster center values torepresent data in a corresponding cluster, generating a reduced datasetincluding each of the cluster center values representing data in thecorresponding cluster, replicating each of the cluster center values ofthe reduced dataset for each of the one or more variables, wherein anumber of replications of the cluster center values is based on a numberof unique values of the one or more variables to plot, scoring each ofthe clusters using the cluster center values and the model to generate ascore for each of the clusters, generating average scores for theclusters by averaging the scores across the clusters, generatingweighted average scores by weighting the average scores with clusterfrequencies for the clusters, generating the one or more PD plots eachcorresponding with a variable of the one or more variables plottedagainst one of the weighted average scores by applying the model to thereduced dataset to visually indicate the effect that the one or morevariables has on the predicted outcome, and presenting the one or morePD plots in a display on a display device.

In embodiments, the display includes a graphical user interface (GUI)and the of one or more PD plots are presented in one of a one-dimension(1D) PD plot display and a two-dimension (2D) PD plot display.

In embodiments, the clustering performed on the dataset is k-prototypeclustering, where k is the number of clusters, and determining thenumber of clusters by one of an Aligned Box Criterion (ABC) method and auser provided value.

In embodiments, the computer-implemented method includes associatingdata of the dataset to a cluster having a nearest cluster center value,the nearest cluster center value to provide a proxy representation forthe data.

In embodiments, each cluster center value is a central vector of acluster, and at least one of the cluster center values equals a datapoint of data in a particular cluster, or at least one of the clustercenter values does not equal a data point of data in a particularcluster.

In embodiments, the computer-implemented method includes detecting aninput, the input to cause processing of a macro code, the macro codecomprising one or more of an indication of the dataset, an indication ofthe one or variables to plot, an indication of model score code for themodel, an indication of the predicted outcome, an indication of thenumber of clusters, an indication of a type of clustering, and anindication of a type of plot, and initiating generation of the one ormore PD plots based on the detected input.

Embodiments include processing a macro code to generate the one or morePD plots, the macro code comprising an indication of the dataset and anindication of a model score code for the model, determining the datasetbased on the indication of the dataset, determining the model and scorecode based on the indication of the model score code for the model, andscoring each of the clusters utilizing the score code.

In embodiments, a computer-implemented method includes processing amacro code to generate the one or more PD plots, the macro codecomprising an indication of a type of clustering to perform on the dataset, and performing the clustering on the dataset to generate theclusters based on the indication of the type of clustering to performindicated in the macro code.

Embodiments include processing a macro code to generate the one or morePD plots, the macro code comprising an indication of one or morevariables to plot, determining the unique values for the one or morevariables to plot based on the indication of the one or more variables,and replicating each of the cluster center values of the reduced datasetbased on a number of unique values.

In embodiments, a computer-implemented method includes receiving, by aninput device, one or more inputs to manipulate at least one of the oneor more PD plots, and in response to receive the one or more inputs,performing a manipulation including one or more of zooming in a sectionof a plot, zooming out on a section of a plot, rotating one or moreplots, highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, and selecting a plot.

In embodiments, at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to determine a dataset and a model to generate one or morepartial dependence (PD) plots, each of the one or more PD plots tovisually indicate an effect that corresponding one or more variables hason a predicted outcome, perform clustering on the dataset to generate anumber of clusters of data for the dataset, each cluster of datacomprising a cluster center value, each of the cluster center values torepresent data in a corresponding cluster, generate a reduced datasetincluding each of the cluster center values representing data in thecorresponding cluster, replicate each of the cluster center values ofthe reduced dataset for each of the one or more variables, wherein anumber of replications of the cluster center values is based on a numberof unique values of the one or more variables to plot, score each of theclusters using the cluster center values and the model to generate ascore for each of the clusters, generate average scores for the clustersby averaging the scores across the clusters, generate weighted averagescores by weighting the average scores with cluster frequencies for theclusters, generate the one or more PD plots each corresponding with avariable of the one or more variables plotted against one of theweighted average scores by applying the model to the reduced dataset tovisually indicate the effect that the one or more variables has on thepredicted outcome, and present the one or more PD plots in a display ona display device.

In embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium,wherein the display comprises a graphical user interface (GUI) and theof one or more PD plots are presented in one of a one-dimension (1D) PDplot display and a two-dimension (2D) PD plot display.

In embodiments, the clustering performed on the dataset is k-prototypeclustering, where k is the number of clusters, and the processingcircuitry to determine the number of clusters by one of an Aligned BoxCriterion (ABC) method and a user provided value.

In embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumcomprising instructions that when executed cause the processingcircuitry to associate data of the dataset to a cluster having a nearestcluster center value, the nearest cluster center value to provide aproxy representation for the data.

In embodiments, each cluster center value is a central vector of acluster, and at least one of the cluster center values equals a datapoint of data in a particular cluster, or at least one of the clustercenter values does not equal a data point of data in a particularcluster.

In embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumcomprising instructions that when executed cause the processingcircuitry to detect, via an input device, an input to cause processingof a macro code, the macro code comprising one or more of an indicationof the dataset, an indication of the one or variables to plot, anindication of model score code for the model, an indication of thepredicted outcome, an indication of the number of clusters, anindication of a type of clustering, and an indication of a type of plot,and initiate generation of the one or more PD plots based on thedetected input.

Embodiments also include the non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause the processingcircuitry to process a macro code to generate the one or more PD plots,the macro code comprising an indication of the dataset and an indicationof a model score code for the model, determine the dataset based on theindication of the dataset, determine the model and score code based onthe indication of the model score code for the model, and score each ofthe clusters utilizing the score code.

Embodiments include the non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumcomprising instructions that when executed cause the processingcircuitry to process a macro code to generate the one or more PD plots,the macro code comprising an indication of a type of clustering toperform on the data set, and perform the clustering on the dataset togenerate the clusters based on the indication of the type of clusteringto perform indicated in the macro code.

In embodiments the non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumcomprising instructions that when executed cause the processingcircuitry to process a macro code to generate the one or more PD plots,the macro code comprising an indication of one or more variables toplot, determine the unique values for the one or more variables to plotbased on the indication of the one or more variables, and replicate eachof the cluster center values of the reduced dataset based on a number ofunique values.

In embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium,comprising instructions that when executed cause the processingcircuitry to receive, via an input device, one or more inputs tomanipulate at least one of the one or more PD plots, the processingcircuitry to perform a manipulation including one or more of zooming ina section of a plot, zooming out on a section of a plot, rotating one ormore plots, highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, and selecting aplot.

Various embodiments described herein may also include an apparatuscomprising processing circuitry, and memory to store instructions that,when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the processingcircuitry to identify a dataset and a model to generate IndividualConditional Expectation (ICE) plots, the dataset comprising observationsand the ICE plots to visually indicate an effect that a variable has ona predicted outcome, identify a range of values for the variable tocompute individual curves for the observations, compute individualcurves for the observations of the dataset, wherein an individual curveis computed for each observation by varying the variable over the rangeof values for the observation using the model, perform segmenting of theindividual curves to generate a number of clusters of curves, eachcluster of curves comprising a subset of the individual curves and eachof the subsets of the individual curves represented by a respectiveproxy curve, plot each of the proxy curves to visually indicate theeffect the variable has on the predicted outcome, and present the ICEplots of the proxy curves in a display on a display device.

Embodiments include processing circuitry perform k-prototype clusteringto cluster the curves, and determine cluster center curves for theclusters of curves, wherein each cluster center curve is the respectiveproxy curve for one of the cluster of curves.

In embodiments, the display comprises a graphical user interface (GUI)and the ICE plots presented in the GUI, and wherein each respectiveproxy curve is selectable to drill down on a subset of individual curveswithin the cluster of curves via an interaction with the GUI.

Embodiments include the processing circuitry to receive an indication ofa selection of one of the respective proxy curves, the selection madevia a user input device determine a subset of individual curvesassociated with the selected proxy curve, plot each curve of the subsetof the individual curves associated with the selected proxy curve, andpresent the plots of the curves in the display on the display device.

In embodiments, the processing circuitry to detect an input, the inputto initialize processing of macro code to generate the proxy curves toplot, the macro code to provide one or more of an indication of thedataset, an indication of the variable, an indication of a range ofvalues for the variable, an indication of model score code for themodel, an indication of the predicted outcome, an indication of amaximum number of cluster of curves, and an indication whether to sampleor cluster observations of the dataset.

Embodiments include the processing circuitry to determine a potentialnumber of clusters of curves to generate using an Aligned Box Criterion(ABC) method, determine a maximum number of cluster of curves specifiedin macro code, and generate whichever is lesser, the potential number ofclusters of curves or the maximum number of cluster of curves.

In embodiments, the processing circuitry to determine whether to performsampling or clustering on the dataset prior to computing the individualcurves based on a setting in macro code.

In embodiments, the processing circuitry to perform sampling on thedataset to a reduced dataset comprising a random sample of theobservations, and wherein the reduced dataset is used to compute theindividual curves.

Embodiments include the processing circuitry to perform clustering onthe dataset to generate a number of clusters of observations for thedataset, each cluster of observations comprising a cluster center value,each of the cluster center values to represent observations in acorresponding cluster and generate a reduced dataset including each ofthe cluster center values representing observations in the correspondingcluster, the reduced data set used to compute the individual curves.

In embodiments, the apparatus includes an input device coupled with thememory and the processing circuitry, the display device coupled with theinput device, the memory, and the processing circuitry, the displaydevice operable to present the plots, and the processing circuitry toreceive, by an input device, one or more inputs to manipulate at leastone of the one or more ICE plots, and in response to receive the one ormore inputs, performing a manipulation including one or more of zoomingin a section of a plot, zooming out on a section of a plot, rotating oneor more plots, highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, and selecting aplot.

Various embodiments include a computer-implemented method, comprisingidentifying a dataset and a model to generate Individual ConditionalExpectation (ICE) plots, the dataset comprising observations and the ICEplots to visually indicate an effect that a variable has on a predictedoutcome, identifying a range of values for the variable to computeindividual curves for the observations, computing individual curves forthe observations of the dataset, wherein an individual curve is computedfor each observation by varying the variable over the range of valuesfor the observation using the model, performing segmenting of theindividual curves to generate a number of clusters of curves, eachcluster of curves comprising a subset of the individual curves and eachof the subsets of the individual curves represented by a respectiveproxy curve, plotting each of the proxy curves to visually indicate theeffect the variable has on the predicted outcome, and presenting the ICEplots of the proxy curves in a display on a display device.

Embodiments include the computer-implemented method including performingk-prototype clustering to cluster the curves, and determining clustercenter curves for the clusters of curves, wherein each cluster centercurve is the respective proxy curve for one of the cluster of curves.

In embodiments the display comprises a graphical user interface (GUI)and the ICE plots presented in the GUI, and wherein each respectiveproxy curve is selectable to drill down on a subset of individual curveswithin the cluster of curves via an interaction with the GUI.

Embodiments include the computer-implemented method including receivingan indication of a selection of one of the respective proxy curves, theselection made via a user input device, determining a subset ofindividual curves associated with the selected proxy curve, plottingeach curve of the subset of the individual curves associated with theselected proxy curve, and presenting the plots of the curves in thedisplay on the display device.

Embodiments include the computer-implemented method including detectingan input, the input to initialize processing of macro code to generatethe proxy curves to plot, the macro code to provide one or more of anindication of the dataset, an indication of the variable, an indicationof a range of values for the variable, an indication of model score codefor the model, an indication of the predicted outcome, an indication ofa maximum number of cluster of curves, and an indication whether tosample or cluster observations of the dataset.

Embodiments include the computer-implemented method include determininga potential number of clusters of curves to generate using an AlignedBox Criterion (ABC) method, determining a maximum number of cluster ofcurves specified in macro code, and generating whichever is lesser, thepotential number of clusters of curves or the maximum number of clusterof curves.

Embodiments include the computer-implemented method includingdetermining whether to perform sampling or clustering on the datasetprior to computing the individual curves based on a setting in macrocode.

In embodiments, the computer-implemented method including performingsampling on the dataset to a reduced dataset comprising a random sampleof the observations, and wherein the reduced dataset is used to computethe individual curves.

In embodiments, the computer-implemented method including performingclustering on the dataset to generate a number of clusters ofobservations for the dataset, each cluster of observations comprising acluster center value, each of the cluster center values to representobservations in a corresponding cluster, and generating a reduceddataset including each of the cluster center values representingobservations in the corresponding cluster, the reduced data set used tocompute the individual curves.

In embodiments, the computer-implemented method including receiving, byan input device, one or more inputs to manipulate at least one of theone or more ICE plots, and in response to receive the one or more inputsperforming a manipulation including one or more of zooming in a sectionof a plot, zooming out on a section of a plot, rotating one or moreplots, highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, and selecting a plot.

Embodiments including at least one non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium comprising instructions that when executed causeprocessing circuitry to identify a dataset and a model to generateIndividual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots, the dataset comprisingobservations and the ICE plots to visually indicate an effect that avariable has on a predicted outcome, identify a range of values for thevariable to compute individual curves for the observations, computeindividual curves for the observations of the dataset, wherein anindividual curve is computed for each observation by varying thevariable over the range of values for the observation using the model,perform segmenting of the individual curves to generate a number ofclusters of curves, each cluster of curves comprising a subset of theindividual curves and each of the subsets of the individual curvesrepresented by a respective proxy curve, plot each of the proxy curvesto visually indicate the effect the variable has on the predictedoutcome, and present the ICE plots of the proxy curves in a display on adisplay device.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to perform k-prototype clustering to cluster the curves, anddetermine cluster center curves for the clusters of curves, wherein eachcluster center curve is the respective proxy curve for one of thecluster of curves.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to, wherein the display comprises a graphical user interface(GUI) and the ICE plots presented in the GUI, and wherein eachrespective proxy curve is selectable to drill down on a subset ofindividual curves within the cluster of curves via an interaction withthe GUI.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to receive an indication of a selection of one of therespective proxy curves, the selection made via a user input device,determine a subset of individual curves associated with the selectedproxy curve, plot each curve of the subset of the individual curvesassociated with the selected proxy curve, and present the plots of thecurves in the display on the display device.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to detect an input, the input to initialize processing ofmacro code to generate the proxy curves to plot, the macro code toprovide one or more of an indication of the dataset, an indication ofthe variable, an indication of a range of values for the variable, anindication of model score code for the model, an indication of thepredicted outcome, an indication of a maximum number of cluster ofcurves, and an indication whether to sample or cluster observations ofthe dataset.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to determine a potential number of clusters of curves togenerate using an Aligned Box Criterion (ABC) method, determine amaximum number of cluster of curves specified in macro code, andgenerate whichever is lesser, the potential number of clusters of curvesor the maximum number of cluster of curves.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to determine whether to perform sampling or clustering on thedataset prior to computing the individual curves based on a setting inmacro code.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to perform sampling on the dataset to a reduced datasetcomprising a random sample of the observations, and wherein the reduceddataset is used to compute the individual curves.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to perform clustering on the dataset to generate a number ofclusters of observations for the dataset, each cluster of observationscomprising a cluster center value, each of the cluster center values torepresent observations in a corresponding cluster, and generate areduced dataset including each of the cluster center values representingobservations in the corresponding cluster, the reduced data set used tocompute the individual curves.

Embodiments including one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to At least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to receive, by an input device, one or more inputs tomanipulate at least one of the one or more ICE plots, and in response toreceiving the one or more inputs, perform a manipulation including oneor more of zooming in a section of a plot, zooming out on a section of aplot, rotating one or more plots, highlighting a plot, drawing on aplot, and selecting a plot.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated by way of example and notby way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings inwhich like reference numerals refer to similar elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram that illustrates the hardwarecomponents of a computing system, according to some embodiments of thepresent technology.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example network including an example set ofdevices communicating with each other over an exchange system and via anetwork, according to some embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 3 illustrates a representation of a conceptual model of acommunications protocol system, according to some embodiments of thepresent technology.

FIG. 4 illustrates a communications grid computing system including avariety of control and worker nodes, according to some embodiments ofthe present technology.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process for adjustinga communications grid or a work project in a communications grid after afailure of a node, according to some embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of a communications grid computing systemincluding a control node and a worker node, according to someembodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process for executinga data analysis or processing project, according to some embodiments ofthe present technology.

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram including components of an EventStream Processing Engine (ESPE), according to embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process includingoperations performed by an event stream processing engine, according tosome embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 10 illustrates an ESP system interfacing between a publishingdevice and multiple event subscribing devices, according to embodimentsof the present technology.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process ofgenerating and using a machine-learning model according to some aspects.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example machine-learning model based on a neuralnetwork.

FIGS. 13A/13B illustrate examples of a distributed processing system.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a logic flow to process a plotrequest.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a logic flow to perform clustering.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a logic flow to perform datareduction.

FIG. 17A/17B illustrate examples of logic flows to perform plotgeneration.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a logic flow to process super scenarioclusters.

FIGS. 19A/19B illustrate an examples of plots.

FIGS. 20A-20D illustrates examples of partial dependency plots withvarious levels of fidelity.

FIGS. 21A-21E illustrate examples of segmented individual conditionalexpectation (ICE) plots.

FIGS. 22A/22B illustrate an example of a logic flow.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of another logic flow.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The proposed techniques discussed herein can circumvent the problem ofneeding excessive compute time requirements in processing large datasetsand to generate one or more plots utilizing the dataset. Moreover,embodiments include techniques to enable plots, such as partialdependence (PD) and individual conditional expectation (ICE) plots, toscale with large datasets and present the plots in a visually usefulmanner using scalable high-fidelity approximations of the plots. Systemsdepicted in some of the figures may be provided in variousconfigurations. In some embodiments, the systems may be configured as adistributed system where one or more components of the system aredistributed across one or more networks in a cloud computing system.

Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like reference numeralsare used to refer to like elements throughout. In the followingdescription, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It maybe evident, however, that the novel embodiments can be practiced withoutthese specific details. In other instances, well known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate adescription thereof. The intention is to cover all modifications,equivalents, and alternatives within the scope of the claims.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that provides an illustration of the hardwarecomponents of a data transmission network 100, according to embodimentsof the present technology. Data transmission network 100 is aspecialized computer system that may be used for processing largeamounts of data where a large number of computer processing cycles arerequired.

Data transmission network 100 may also include computing environment114. Computing environment 114 may be a specialized computer or othermachine that processes the data received within the data transmissionnetwork 100. Data transmission network 100 also includes one or morenetwork devices 102. Network devices 102 may include client devices thatattempt to communicate with computing environment 114. For example,network devices 102 may send data to the computing environment 114 to beprocessed, may send signals to the computing environment 114 to controldifferent aspects of the computing environment or the data it isprocessing, among other reasons. Network devices 102 may interact withthe computing environment 114 through a number of ways, such as, forexample, over one or more networks 108. As shown in FIG. 1, computingenvironment 114 may include one or more other systems. For example,computing environment 114 may include a database system 118 and/or acommunications grid 120.

In other embodiments, network devices may provide a large amount ofdata, either all at once or streaming over a period of time (e.g., usingevent stream processing (ESP), described further with respect to FIGS.8-10), to the computing environment 114 via networks 108. For example,network devices 102 may include network computers, sensors, databases,or other devices that may transmit or otherwise provide data tocomputing environment 114. For example, network devices may includelocal area network devices, such as routers, hubs, switches, or othercomputer networking devices. These devices may provide a variety ofstored or generated data, such as network data or data specific to thenetwork devices themselves. Network devices may also include sensorsthat monitor their environment or other devices to collect dataregarding that environment or those devices, and such network devicesmay provide data they collect over time. Network devices may alsoinclude devices within the internet of things, such as devices within ahome automation network. Some of these devices may be referred to asedge devices, and may involve edge computing circuitry. Data may betransmitted by network devices directly to computing environment 114 orto network-attached data stores, such as network-attached data stores110 for storage so that the data may be retrieved later by the computingenvironment 114 or other portions of data transmission network 100.

Data transmission network 100 may also include one or morenetwork-attached data stores 110. Network-attached data stores 110 areused to store data to be processed by the computing environment 114 aswell as any intermediate or final data generated by the computing systemin non-volatile memory. However in certain embodiments, theconfiguration of the computing environment 114 allows its operations tobe performed such that intermediate and final data results can be storedsolely in volatile memory (e.g., RAM), without a requirement thatintermediate or final data results be stored to non-volatile types ofmemory (e.g., disk). This can be useful in certain situations, such aswhen the computing environment 114 receives ad hoc queries from a userand when responses, which are generated by processing large amounts ofdata, need to be generated on-the-fly. In this non-limiting situation,the computing environment 114 may be configured to retain the processedinformation within memory so that responses can be generated for theuser at different levels of detail as well as allow a user tointeractively query against this information.

Network-attached data stores may store a variety of different types ofdata organized in a variety of different ways and from a variety ofdifferent sources. For example, network-attached data storage mayinclude storage other than primary storage located within computingenvironment 114 that is directly accessible by processors locatedtherein. Network-attached data storage may include secondary, tertiaryor auxiliary storage, such as large hard drives, servers, virtualmemory, among other types. Storage devices may include portable ornon-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various othermediums capable of storing, containing data. A machine-readable storagemedium or computer-readable storage medium may include a non-transitorymedium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrierwaves and/or transitory electronic signals. Examples of a non-transitorymedium may include, for example, a magnetic disk or tape, opticalstorage media such as compact disk or digital versatile disk, flashmemory, memory or memory devices. A computer-program product may includecode and/or machine-executable instructions that may represent aprocedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine,a module, a software package, a class, or any combination ofinstructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment maybe coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passingand/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memorycontents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed,forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memorysharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, amongothers. Furthermore, the data stores may hold a variety of differenttypes of data. For example, network-attached data stores 110 may holdunstructured (e.g., raw) data, such as manufacturing data (e.g., adatabase containing records identifying products being manufactured withparameter data for each product, such as colors and models) or productsales databases (e.g., a database containing individual data recordsidentifying details of individual product sales).

The unstructured data may be presented to the computing environment 114in different forms such as a flat file or a conglomerate of datarecords, and may have data values and accompanying time stamps. Thecomputing environment 114 may be used to analyze the unstructured datain a variety of ways to determine the best way to structure (e.g.,hierarchically) that data, such that the structured data is tailored toa type of further analysis that a user wishes to perform on the data.For example, after being processed, the unstructured time stamped datamay be aggregated by time (e.g., into daily time period units) togenerate time series data and/or structured hierarchically according toone or more dimensions (e.g., parameters, attributes, and/or variables).For example, data may be stored in a hierarchical data structure, suchas a ROLAP OR MOLAP database, or may be stored in another tabular form,such as in a flat-hierarchy form.

Data transmission network 100 may also include one or more server farms106. Computing environment 114 may route select communications or datato the one or more sever farms 106 or one or more servers within theserver farms. Server farms 106 can be configured to provide informationin a predetermined manner. For example, server farms 106 may access datato transmit in response to a communication. Server farms 106 may beseparately housed from each other device within data transmissionnetwork 100, such as computing environment 114, and/or may be part of adevice or system.

Server farms 106 may host a variety of different types of dataprocessing as part of data transmission network 100. Server farms 106may receive a variety of different data from network devices, fromcomputing environment 114, from cloud network 116, or from othersources. The data may have been obtained or collected from one or moresensors, as inputs from a control database, or may have been received asinputs from an external system or device. Server farms 106 may assist inprocessing the data by turning raw data into processed data based on oneor more rules implemented by the server farms. For example, sensor datamay be analyzed to determine changes in an environment over time or inreal-time.

Data transmission network 100 may also include one or more cloudnetworks 116. Cloud network 116 may include a cloud infrastructuresystem that provides cloud services. In certain embodiments, servicesprovided by the cloud network 116 may include a host of services thatare made available to users of the cloud infrastructure system ondemand. Cloud network 116 is shown in FIG. 1 as being connected tocomputing environment 114 (and therefore having computing environment114 as its client or user), but cloud network 116 may be connected to orutilized by any of the devices in FIG. 1. Services provided by the cloudnetwork can dynamically scale to meet the needs of its users. The cloudnetwork 116 may comprise one or more computers, servers, and/or systems.In some embodiments, the computers, servers, and/or systems that make upthe cloud network 116 are different from the user's own on-premisescomputers, servers, and/or systems. For example, the cloud network 116may host an application, and a user may, via a communication networksuch as the Internet, on demand, order and use the application.

While each device, server and system in FIG. 1 is shown as a singledevice, it will be appreciated that multiple devices may instead beused. For example, a set of network devices can be used to transmitvarious communications from a single user, or remote server 140 mayinclude a server stack. As another example, data may be processed aspart of computing environment 114.

Each communication within data transmission network 100 (e.g., betweenclient devices, between a device and connection management system 150,between servers 106 and computing environment 114 or between a serverand a device) may occur over one or more networks 108. Networks 108 mayinclude one or more of a variety of different types of networks,including a wireless network, a wired network, or a combination of awired and wireless network. Examples of suitable networks include theInternet, a personal area network, a local area network (LAN), a widearea network (WAN), or a wireless local area network (WLAN). A wirelessnetwork may include a wireless interface or combination of wirelessinterfaces. As an example, a network in the one or more networks 108 mayinclude a short-range communication channel, such as a Bluetooth or aBluetooth Low Energy channel A wired network may include a wiredinterface. The wired and/or wireless networks may be implemented usingrouters, access points, bridges, gateways, or the like, to connectdevices in the network 108, as will be further described with respect toFIG. 2. The one or more networks 108 can be incorporated entirely withinor can include an intranet, an extranet, or a combination thereof. Inone embodiment, communications between two or more systems and/ordevices can be achieved by a secure communications protocol, such assecure sockets layer (SSL) or transport layer security (TLS). Inaddition, data and/or transactional details may be encrypted.

Some aspects may utilize the Internet of Things (IoT), where things(e.g., machines, devices, phones, sensors) can be connected to networksand the data from these things can be collected and processed within thethings and/or external to the things. For example, the IoT can includesensors in many different devices, and high value analytics can beapplied to identify hidden relationships and drive increasedefficiencies. This can apply to both big data analytics and real-time(e.g., ESP) analytics. This will be described further below with respectto FIG. 2.

As noted, computing environment 114 may include a communications grid120 and a transmission network database system 118. Communications grid120 may be a grid-based computing system for processing large amounts ofdata. The transmission network database system 118 may be for managing,storing, and retrieving large amounts of data that are distributed toand stored in the one or more network-attached data stores 110 or otherdata stores that reside at different locations within the transmissionnetwork database system 118. The compute nodes in the grid-basedcomputing system 120 and the transmission network database system 118may share the same processor hardware, such as processors that arelocated within computing environment 114.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example network including an example set ofdevices communicating with each other over an exchange system and via anetwork, according to embodiments of the present technology. As noted,each communication within data transmission network 100 may occur overone or more networks. System 200 includes a network device 204configured to communicate with a variety of types of client devices, forexample client devices 230, over a variety of types of communicationchannels.

As shown in FIG. 2, network device 204 can transmit a communication overa network (e.g., a cellular network via a base station 210). Thecommunication can be routed to another network device, such as networkdevices 205-209, via base station 210. The communication can also berouted to computing environment 214 via base station 210. For example,network device 204 may collect data either from its surroundingenvironment or from other network devices (such as network devices205-209) and transmit that data to computing environment 214.

Although network devices 204-209 are shown in FIG. 2 as a mobile phone,laptop computer, tablet computer, temperature sensor, motion sensor, andaudio sensor respectively, the network devices may be or include sensorsthat are sensitive to detecting aspects of their environment. Forexample, the network devices may include sensors such as water sensors,power sensors, electrical current sensors, chemical sensors, opticalsensors, pressure sensors, geographic or position sensors (e.g., GPS),velocity sensors, acceleration sensors, flow rate sensors, among others.Examples of characteristics that may be sensed include force, torque,load, strain, position, temperature, air pressure, fluid flow, chemicalproperties, resistance, electromagnetic fields, radiation, irradiance,proximity, acoustics, moisture, distance, speed, vibrations,acceleration, electrical potential, electrical current, among others.The sensors may be mounted to various components used as part of avariety of different types of systems (e.g., an oil drilling operation).The network devices may detect and record data related to theenvironment that it monitors, and transmit that data to computingenvironment 214.

As noted, one type of system that may include various sensors thatcollect data to be processed and/or transmitted to a computingenvironment according to certain embodiments includes an oil drillingsystem. For example, the one or more drilling operation sensors mayinclude surface sensors that measure a hook load, a fluid rate, atemperature and a density in and out of the wellbore, a standpipepressure, a surface torque, a rotation speed of a drill pipe, a rate ofpenetration, a mechanical specific energy, etc. and downhole sensorsthat measure a rotation speed of a bit, fluid densities, downholetorque, downhole vibration (axial, tangential, lateral), a weightapplied at a drill bit, an annular pressure, a differential pressure, anazimuth, an inclination, a dog leg severity, a measured depth, avertical depth, a downhole temperature, etc. Besides the raw datacollected directly by the sensors, other data may include parameterseither developed by the sensors or assigned to the system by a client orother controlling device. For example, one or more drilling operationcontrol parameters may control settings such as a mud motor speed toflow ratio, a bit diameter, a predicted formation top, seismic data,weather data, etc. Other data may be generated using physical modelssuch as an earth model, a weather model, a seismic model, a bottom holeassembly model, a well plan model, an annular friction model, etc. Inaddition to sensor and control settings, predicted outputs, of forexample, the rate of penetration, mechanical specific energy, hook load,flow in fluid rate, flow out fluid rate, pump pressure, surface torque,rotation speed of the drill pipe, annular pressure, annular frictionpressure, annular temperature, equivalent circulating density, etc. mayalso be stored in the data warehouse.

In another example, another type of system that may include varioussensors that collect data to be processed and/or transmitted to acomputing environment according to certain embodiments includes a homeautomation or similar automated network in a different environment, suchas an office space, school, public space, sports venue, or a variety ofother locations. Network devices in such an automated network mayinclude network devices that allow a user to access, control, and/orconfigure various home appliances located within the user's home (e.g.,a television, radio, light, fan, humidifier, sensor, microwave, iron,and/or the like), or outside of the user's home (e.g., exterior motionsensors, exterior lighting, garage door openers, sprinkler systems, orthe like). For example, network device 102 may include a home automationswitch that may be coupled with a home appliance. In another embodiment,a network device can allow a user to access, control, and/or configuredevices, such as office-related devices (e.g., copy machine, printer, orfax machine), audio and/or video related devices (e.g., a receiver, aspeaker, a projector, a DVD player, or a television), media-playbackdevices (e.g., a compact disc player, a CD player, or the like),computing devices (e.g., a home computer, a laptop computer, a tablet, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a computing device, or a wearabledevice), lighting devices (e.g., a lamp or recessed lighting), devicesassociated with a security system, devices associated with an alarmsystem, devices that can be operated in an automobile (e.g., radiodevices, navigation devices), and/or the like. Data may be collectedfrom such various sensors in raw form, or data may be processed by thesensors to create parameters or other data either developed by thesensors based on the raw data or assigned to the system by a client orother controlling device.

In another example, another type of system that may include varioussensors that collect data to be processed and/or transmitted to acomputing environment according to certain embodiments includes a poweror energy grid. A variety of different network devices may be includedin an energy grid, such as various devices within one or more powerplants, energy farms (e.g., wind farm, solar farm, among others) energystorage facilities, factories, homes and businesses of consumers, amongothers. One or more of such devices may include one or more sensors thatdetect energy gain or loss, electrical input or output or loss, and avariety of other efficiencies. These sensors may collect data to informusers of how the energy grid, and individual devices within the grid,may be functioning and how they may be made more efficient.

Network device sensors may also perform processing on data it collectsbefore transmitting the data to the computing environment 114, or beforedeciding whether to transmit data to the computing environment 114. Forexample, network devices may determine whether data collected meetscertain rules, for example by comparing data or values calculated fromthe data and comparing that data to one or more thresholds. The networkdevice may use this data and/or comparisons to determine if the datashould be transmitted to the computing environment 214 for further useor processing.

Computing environment 214 may include machines 220 and 240. Althoughcomputing environment 214 is shown in FIG. 2 as having two machines, 220and 240, computing environment 214 may have only one machine or may havemore than two machines. The machines that make up computing environment214 may include specialized computers, servers, or other machines thatare configured to individually and/or collectively process large amountsof data. The computing environment 214 may also include storage devicesthat include one or more databases of structured data, such as dataorganized in one or more hierarchies, or unstructured data. Thedatabases may communicate with the processing devices within computingenvironment 214 to distribute data to them. Since network devices maytransmit data to computing environment 214, that data may be received bythe computing environment 214 and subsequently stored within thosestorage devices. Data used by computing environment 214 may also bestored in data stores 235, which may also be a part of or connected tocomputing environment 214.

Computing environment 214 can communicate with various devices via oneor more routers 225 or other inter-network or intra-network connectioncomponents. For example, computing environment 214 may communicate withdevices 230 via one or more routers 225. Computing environment 214 maycollect, analyze and/or store data from or pertaining to communications,client device operations, client rules, and/or user-associated actionsstored at one or more data stores 235. Such data may influencecommunication routing to the devices within computing environment 214,how data is stored or processed within computing environment 214, amongother actions.

Notably, various other devices can further be used to influencecommunication routing and/or processing between devices within computingenvironment 214 and with devices outside of computing environment 214.For example, as shown in FIG. 2, computing environment 214 may include amachine 240, such as a web server. Thus, computing environment 214 canretrieve data of interest, such as client information (e.g., productinformation, client rules, etc.), technical product details, news,current or predicted weather, and so on.

In addition to computing environment 214 collecting data (e.g., asreceived from network devices, such as sensors, and client devices orother sources) to be processed as part of a big data analytics project,it may also receive data in real time as part of a streaming analyticsenvironment. As noted, data may be collected using a variety of sourcesas communicated via different kinds of networks or locally. Such datamay be received on a real-time streaming basis. For example, networkdevices may receive data periodically from network device sensors as thesensors continuously sense, monitor and track changes in theirenvironments. Devices within computing environment 214 may also performpre-analysis on data it receives to determine if the data receivedshould be processed as part of an ongoing project. The data received andcollected by computing environment 214, no matter what the source ormethod or timing of receipt, may be processed over a period of time fora client to determine results data based on the client's needs andrules.

FIG. 3 illustrates a representation of a conceptual model of acommunications protocol system, according to embodiments of the presenttechnology. More specifically, FIG. 3 identifies operation of acomputing environment in an Open Systems Interaction model thatcorresponds to various connection components. The model 300 shows, forexample, how a computing environment, such as computing environment 316(or computing environment 214 in FIG. 2) may communicate with otherdevices in its network, and control how communications between thecomputing environment and other devices are executed and under whatconditions.

The model can include layers 302-314. The layers are arranged in astack. Each layer in the stack serves the layer one level higher than it(except for the application layer 314, which is the highest layer), andis served by the layer one level below it (except for the physicallayer, which is the lowest layer). The physical layer is the lowestlayer because it receives and transmits raw bites of data, and is thefarthest layer from the user in a communications system. On the otherhand, the application layer 314 is the highest layer because itinteracts directly with a software application.

As noted, the model includes a physical layer 302. Physical layer 302represents physical communication, and can define parameters of thatphysical communication. For example, such physical communication maycome in the form of electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signals.Physical layer 302 also defines protocols that may controlcommunications within a data transmission network.

Link layer 304 defines links and mechanisms used to transmit (i.e.,move) data across a network. The link layer manages node-to-nodecommunications, such as within a grid computing environment. Link layer304 can detect and correct errors (e.g., transmission errors in thephysical layer 302). Link layer 304 can also include a media accesscontrol (MAC) layer and logical link control (LLC) layer.

Network layer 306 defines the protocol for routing within a network. Inother words, the network layer coordinates transferring data acrossnodes in a same network (e.g., such as a grid computing environment).Network layer 306 can also define the processes used to structure localaddressing within the network.

Transport layer 308 can manage the transmission of data and the qualityof the transmission and/or receipt of that data. Transport layer 308 canprovide a protocol for transferring data, such as, for example, aTransmission Control Protocol (TCP). Transport layer 308 can assembleand disassemble data frames for transmission. The transport layer canalso detect transmission errors occurring in the layers below it.

Session layer 310 can establish, maintain, and manage communicationconnections between devices on a network. In other words, the sessionlayer controls the dialogues or nature of communications between networkdevices on the network. The session layer may also establishcheckpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures.

Presentation layer 312 can provide translation for communicationsbetween the application and network layers. In other words, this layermay encrypt, decrypt and/or format data based on data types known to beaccepted by an application or network layer.

Application layer 314 interacts directly with software applications andend users, and manages communications between them. Application layer314 can identify destinations, local resource states or availabilityand/or communication content or formatting using the applications.

Intra-network connection components 322 and 324 are shown to operate inlower levels, such as physical layer 302 and link layer 304,respectively. For example, a hub can operate in the physical layer, aswitch can operate in the physical layer, and a router can operate inthe network layer. Inter-network connection components 326 and 328 areshown to operate on higher levels, such as layers 306-314. For example,routers can operate in the network layer and network devices can operatein the transport, session, presentation, and application layers.

As noted, a computing environment 316 can interact with and/or operateon, in various embodiments, one, more, all or any of the various layers.For example, computing environment 316 can interact with a hub (e.g.,via the link layer) so as to adjust which devices the hub communicateswith. The physical layer may be served by the link layer, so it mayimplement such data from the link layer. For example, the computingenvironment 316 may control which devices it will receive data from. Forexample, if the computing environment 316 knows that a certain networkdevice has turned off, broken, or otherwise become unavailable orunreliable, the computing environment 316 may instruct the hub toprevent any data from being transmitted to the computing environment 316from that network device. Such a process may be beneficial to avoidreceiving data that is inaccurate or that has been influenced by anuncontrolled environment. As another example, computing environment 316can communicate with a bridge, switch, router or gateway and influencewhich device within the system (e.g., system 200) the component selectsas a destination. In some embodiments, computing environment 316 caninteract with various layers by exchanging communications with equipmentoperating on a particular layer by routing or modifying existingcommunications. In another embodiment, such as in a grid computingenvironment, a node may determine how data within the environment shouldbe routed (e.g., which node should receive certain data) based oncertain parameters or information provided by other layers within themodel.

As noted, the computing environment 316 may be a part of acommunications grid environment, the communications of which may beimplemented as shown in the protocol of FIG. 3. For example, referringback to FIG. 2, one or more of machines 220 and 240 may be part of acommunications grid computing environment. A gridded computingenvironment may be employed in a distributed system with non-interactiveworkloads where data resides in memory on the machines, or computenodes. In such an environment, analytic code, instead of a databasemanagement system, controls the processing performed by the nodes. Datais co-located by pre-distributing it to the grid nodes, and the analyticcode on each node loads the local data into memory. Each node may beassigned a particular task such as a portion of a processing project, orto organize or control other nodes within the grid.

FIG. 4 illustrates a communications grid computing system 400 includinga variety of control and worker nodes, according to embodiments of thepresent technology. Communications grid computing system 400 includesthree control nodes and one or more worker nodes. Communications gridcomputing system 400 includes control nodes 402, 404, and 406. Thecontrol nodes are communicatively connected via communication paths 451,453, and 455. Therefore, the control nodes may transmit information(e.g., related to the communications grid or notifications), to andreceive information from each other. Although communications gridcomputing system 400 is shown in FIG. 4 as including three controlnodes, the communications grid may include more or less than threecontrol nodes.

Communications grid computing system (or just “communications grid”) 400also includes one or more worker nodes. Shown in FIG. 4 are six workernodes 410-420. Although FIG. 4 shows six worker nodes, a communicationsgrid according to embodiments of the present technology may include moreor less than six worker nodes. The number of worker nodes included in acommunications grid may be dependent upon how large the project or dataset is being processed by the communications grid, the capacity of eachworker node, the time designated for the communications grid to completethe project, among others. Each worker node within the communicationsgrid 400 may be connected (wired or wirelessly, and directly orindirectly) to control nodes 402-406. Therefore, each worker node mayreceive information from the control nodes (e.g., an instruction toperform work on a project) and may transmit information to the controlnodes (e.g., a result from work performed on a project). Furthermore,worker nodes may communicate with each other (either directly orindirectly). For example, worker nodes may transmit data between eachother related to a job being performed or an individual task within ajob being performed by that worker node. However, in certainembodiments, worker nodes may not, for example, be connected(communicatively or otherwise) to certain other worker nodes. In anembodiment, worker nodes may only be able to communicate with thecontrol node that controls it, and may not be able to communicate withother worker nodes in the communications grid, whether they are otherworker nodes controlled by the control node that controls the workernode, or worker nodes that are controlled by other control nodes in thecommunications grid.

A control node may connect with an external device with which thecontrol node may communicate (e.g., a grid user, such as a server orcomputer, may connect to a controller of the grid). For example, aserver or computer may connect to control nodes and may transmit aproject or job to the node. The project may include a data set. The dataset may be of any size. Once the control node receives such a projectincluding a large data set, the control node may distribute the data setor projects related to the data set to be performed by worker nodes.Alternatively, for a project including a large data set, the data setmay be receive or stored by a machine other than a control node (e.g., aHadoop data node).

Control nodes may maintain knowledge of the status of the nodes in thegrid (i.e., grid status information), accept work requests from clients,subdivide the work across worker nodes, coordinate the worker nodes,among other responsibilities. Worker nodes may accept work requests froma control node and provide the control node with results of the workperformed by the worker node. A grid may be started from a single node(e.g., a machine, computer, server, etc.). This first node may beassigned or may start as the primary control node that will control anyadditional nodes that enter the grid.

When a project is submitted for execution (e.g., by a client or acontroller of the grid) it may be assigned to a set of nodes. After thenodes are assigned to a project, a data structure (i.e., a communicator)may be created. The communicator may be used by the project forinformation to be shared between the project code running on each node.A communication handle may be created on each node. A handle, forexample, is a reference to the communicator that is valid within asingle process on a single node, and the handle may be used whenrequesting communications between nodes.

A control node, such as control node 402, may be designated as theprimary control node. A server, computer or other external device mayconnect to the primary control node. Once the control node receives aproject, the primary control node may distribute portions of the projectto its worker nodes for execution. For example, when a project isinitiated on communications grid 400, primary control node 402 controlsthe work to be performed for the project in order to complete theproject as requested or instructed. The primary control node maydistribute work to the worker nodes based on various factors, such aswhich subsets or portions of projects may be completed most efficientlyand in the correct amount of time. For example, a worker node mayperform analysis on a portion of data that is already local (e.g.,stored on) the worker node. The primary control node also coordinatesand processes the results of the work performed by each worker nodeafter each worker node executes and completes its job. For example, theprimary control node may receive a result from one or more worker nodes,and the control node may organize (e.g., collect and assemble) theresults received and compile them to produce a complete result for theproject received from the end user.

Any remaining control nodes, such as control nodes 404 and 406, may beassigned as backup control nodes for the project. In an embodiment,backup control nodes may not control any portion of the project.Instead, backup control nodes may serve as a backup for the primarycontrol node and take over as primary control node if the primarycontrol node were to fail. If a communications grid were to include onlya single control node, and the control node were to fail (e.g., thecontrol node is shut off or breaks) then the communications grid as awhole may fail and any project or job being run on the communicationsgrid may fail and may not complete. While the project may be run again,such a failure may cause a delay (severe delay in some cases, such asovernight delay) in completion of the project. Therefore, a grid withmultiple control nodes, including a backup control node, may bebeneficial.

To add another node or machine to the grid, the primary control node mayopen a pair of listening sockets, for example A socket may be used toaccept work requests from clients, and the second socket may be used toaccept connections from other grid nodes). The primary control node maybe provided with a list of other nodes (e.g., other machines, computers,servers) that will participate in the grid, and the role that each nodewill fill in the grid. Upon startup of the primary control node (e.g.,the first node on the grid), the primary control node may use a networkprotocol to start the server process on every other node in the grid.Command line parameters, for example, may inform each node of one ormore pieces of information, such as: the role that the node will have inthe grid, the host name of the primary control node, the port number onwhich the primary control node is accepting connections from peer nodes,among others. The information may also be provided in a configurationfile, transmitted over a secure shell tunnel, recovered from aconfiguration server, among others. While the other machines in the gridmay not initially know about the configuration of the grid, thatinformation may also be sent to each other node by the primary controlnode. Updates of the grid information may also be subsequently sent tothose nodes.

For any control node other than the primary control node added to thegrid, the control node may open three sockets. The first socket mayaccept work requests from clients, the second socket may acceptconnections from other grid members, and the third socket may connect(e.g., permanently) to the primary control node. When a control node(e.g., primary control node) receives a connection from another controlnode, it first checks to see if the peer node is in the list ofconfigured nodes in the grid. If it is not on the list, the control nodemay clear the connection. If it is on the list, it may then attempt toauthenticate the connection. If authentication is successful, theauthenticating node may transmit information to its peer, such as theport number on which a node is listening for connections, the host nameof the node, information about how to authenticate the node, among otherinformation. When a node, such as the new control node, receivesinformation about another active node, it will check to see if italready has a connection to that other node. If it does not have aconnection to that node, it may then establish a connection to thatcontrol node.

Any worker node added to the grid may establish a connection to theprimary control node and any other control nodes on the grid. Afterestablishing the connection, it may authenticate itself to the grid(e.g., any control nodes, including both primary and backup, or a serveror user controlling the grid). After successful authentication, theworker node may accept configuration information from the control node.

When a node joins a communications grid (e.g., when the node is poweredon or connected to an existing node on the grid or both), the node isassigned (e.g., by an operating system of the grid) a universally uniqueidentifier (UUID). This unique identifier may help other nodes andexternal entities (devices, users, etc.) to identify the node anddistinguish it from other nodes. When a node is connected to the grid,the node may share its unique identifier with the other nodes in thegrid. Since each node may share its unique identifier, each node mayknow the unique identifier of every other node on the grid. Uniqueidentifiers may also designate a hierarchy of each of the nodes (e.g.,backup control nodes) within the grid. For example, the uniqueidentifiers of each of the backup control nodes may be stored in a listof backup control nodes to indicate an order in which the backup controlnodes will take over for a failed primary control node to become a newprimary control node. However, a hierarchy of nodes may also bedetermined using methods other than using the unique identifiers of thenodes. For example, the hierarchy may be predetermined, or may beassigned based on other predetermined factors.

The grid may add new machines at any time (e.g., initiated from anycontrol node). Upon adding a new node to the grid, the control node mayfirst add the new node to its table of grid nodes. The control node mayalso then notify every other control node about the new node. The nodesreceiving the notification may acknowledge that they have updated theirconfiguration information.

Primary control node 402 may, for example, transmit one or morecommunications to backup control nodes 404 and 406 (and, for example, toother control or worker nodes within the communications grid). Suchcommunications may sent periodically, at fixed time intervals, betweenknown fixed stages of the project's execution, among other protocols.The communications transmitted by primary control node 402 may be ofvaried types and may include a variety of types of information. Forexample, primary control node 402 may transmit snapshots (e.g., statusinformation) of the communications grid so that backup control node 404always has a recent snapshot of the communications grid. The snapshot orgrid status may include, for example, the structure of the grid(including, for example, the worker nodes in the grid, uniqueidentifiers of the nodes, or their relationships with the primarycontrol node) and the status of a project (including, for example, thestatus of each worker node's portion of the project). The snapshot mayalso include analysis or results received from worker nodes in thecommunications grid. The backup control nodes may receive and store thebackup data received from the primary control node. The backup controlnodes may transmit a request for such a snapshot (or other information)from the primary control node, or the primary control node may send suchinformation periodically to the backup control nodes.

As noted, the backup data may allow the backup control node to take overas primary control node if the primary control node fails withoutrequiring the grid to start the project over from scratch. If theprimary control node fails, the backup control node that will take overas primary control node may retrieve the most recent version of thesnapshot received from the primary control node and use the snapshot tocontinue the project from the stage of the project indicated by thebackup data. This may prevent failure of the project as a whole.

A backup control node may use various methods to determine that theprimary control node has failed. In one example of such a method, theprimary control node may transmit (e.g., periodically) a communicationto the backup control node that indicates that the primary control nodeis working and has not failed, such as a heartbeat communication. Thebackup control node may determine that the primary control node hasfailed if the backup control node has not received a heartbeatcommunication for a certain predetermined period of time. Alternatively,a backup control node may also receive a communication from the primarycontrol node itself (before it failed) or from a worker node that theprimary control node has failed, for example because the primary controlnode has failed to communicate with the worker node.

Different methods may be performed to determine which backup controlnode of a set of backup control nodes (e.g., backup control nodes 404and 406) will take over for failed primary control node 402 and becomethe new primary control node. For example, the new primary control nodemay be chosen based on a ranking or “hierarchy” of backup control nodesbased on their unique identifiers. In an alternative embodiment, abackup control node may be assigned to be the new primary control nodeby another device in the communications grid or from an external device(e.g., a system infrastructure or an end user, such as a server orcomputer, controlling the communications grid). In another alternativeembodiment, the backup control node that takes over as the new primarycontrol node may be designated based on bandwidth or other statisticsabout the communications grid.

A worker node within the communications grid may also fail. If a workernode fails, work being performed by the failed worker node may beredistributed amongst the operational worker nodes. In an alternativeembodiment, the primary control node may transmit a communication toeach of the operable worker nodes still on the communications grid thateach of the worker nodes should purposefully fail also. After each ofthe worker nodes fail, they may each retrieve their most recent savedcheckpoint of their status and re-start the project from that checkpointto minimize lost progress on the project being executed.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process for adjustinga communications grid or a work project in a communications grid after afailure of a node, according to embodiments of the present technology.The process may include, for example, receiving grid status informationincluding a project status of a portion of a project being executed by anode in the communications grid, as described in operation 502. Forexample, a control node (e.g., a backup control node connected to aprimary control node and a worker node on a communications grid) mayreceive grid status information, where the grid status informationincludes a project status of the primary control node or a projectstatus of the worker node. The project status of the primary controlnode and the project status of the worker node may include a status ofone or more portions of a project being executed by the primary andworker nodes in the communications grid. The process may also includestoring the grid status information, as described in operation 504. Forexample, a control node (e.g., a backup control node) may store thereceived grid status information locally within the control node.Alternatively, the grid status information may be sent to another devicefor storage where the control node may have access to the information.

The process may also include receiving a failure communicationcorresponding to a node in the communications grid in operation 506. Forexample, a node may receive a failure communication including anindication that the primary control node has failed, prompting a backupcontrol node to take over for the primary control node. In analternative embodiment, a node may receive a failure that a worker nodehas failed, prompting a control node to reassign the work beingperformed by the worker node. The process may also include reassigning anode or a portion of the project being executed by the failed node, asdescribed in operation 508. For example, a control node may designatethe backup control node as a new primary control node based on thefailure communication upon receiving the failure communication. If thefailed node is a worker node, a control node may identify a projectstatus of the failed worker node using the snapshot of thecommunications grid, where the project status of the failed worker nodeincludes a status of a portion of the project being executed by thefailed worker node at the failure time.

The process may also include receiving updated grid status informationbased on the reassignment, as described in operation 510, andtransmitting a set of instructions based on the updated grid statusinformation to one or more nodes in the communications grid, asdescribed in operation 512. The updated grid status information mayinclude an updated project status of the primary control node or anupdated project status of the worker node. The updated information maybe transmitted to the other nodes in the grid to update their stalestored information.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of a communications grid computing system600 including a control node and a worker node, according to embodimentsof the present technology. Communications grid 600 computing systemincludes one control node (control node 602) and one worker node (workernode 610) for purposes of illustration, but may include more workerand/or control nodes. The control node 602 is communicatively connectedto worker node 610 via communication path 650. Therefore, control node602 may transmit information (e.g., related to the communications gridor notifications), to and receive information from worker node 610 viapath 650.

Similar to in FIG. 4, communications grid computing system (or just“communications grid”) 600 includes data processing nodes (control node602 and worker node 610). Nodes 602 and 610 comprise multi-core dataprocessors. Each node 602 and 610 includes a grid-enabled softwarecomponent (GESC) 620 that executes on the data processor associated withthat node and interfaces with buffer memory 622 also associated withthat node. Each node 602 and 610 includes a database management software(DBMS) 628 that executes on a database server (not shown) at controlnode 602 and on a database server (not shown) at worker node 610.

Each node also includes a data store 624. Data stores 624, similar tonetwork-attached data stores 110 in FIG. 1 and data stores 235 in FIG.2, are used to store data to be processed by the nodes in the computingenvironment. Data stores 624 may also store any intermediate or finaldata generated by the computing system after being processed, forexample in non-volatile memory. However in certain embodiments, theconfiguration of the grid computing environment allows its operations tobe performed such that intermediate and final data results can be storedsolely in volatile memory (e.g., RAM), without a requirement thatintermediate or final data results be stored to non-volatile types ofmemory. Storing such data in volatile memory may be useful in certainsituations, such as when the grid receives queries (e.g., ad hoc) from aclient and when responses, which are generated by processing largeamounts of data, need to be generated quickly or on-the-fly. In such asituation, the grid may be configured to retain the data within memoryso that responses can be generated at different levels of detail and sothat a client may interactively query against this information.

Each node also includes a user-defined function (UDF) 626. The UDFprovides a mechanism for the DMBS 628 to transfer data to or receivedata from the database stored in the data stores 624 that are managed bythe DBMS. For example, UDF 626 can be invoked by the DBMS to providedata to the GESC for processing. The UDF 626 may establish a socketconnection (not shown) with the GESC to transfer the data.Alternatively, the UDF 626 can transfer data to the GESC by writing datato shared memory accessible by both the UDF and the GESC.

The GESC 620 at the nodes 602 and 620 may be connected via a network,such as network 108 shown in FIG. 1. Therefore, nodes 602 and 620 cancommunicate with each other via the network using a predeterminedcommunication protocol such as, for example, the Message PassingInterface (MPI). Each GESC 620 can engage in point-to-pointcommunication with the GESC at another node or in collectivecommunication with multiple GESCs via the network. The GESC 620 at eachnode may contain identical (or nearly identical) software instructions.Each node may be capable of operating as either a control node or aworker node. The GESC at the control node 602 can communicate, over acommunication path 652, with a client device 630. More specifically,control node 602 may communicate with client application 632 hosted bythe client device 630 to receive queries and to respond to those queriesafter processing large amounts of data.

DMBS 628 may control the creation, maintenance, and use of database ordata structure (not shown) within a nodes 602 or 610. The database mayorganize data stored in data stores 624. The DMBS 628 at control node602 may accept requests for data and transfer the appropriate data forthe request. With such a process, collections of data may be distributedacross multiple physical locations. In this example, each node 602 and610 stores a portion of the total data managed by the management systemin its associated data store 624.

Furthermore, the DBMS may be responsible for protecting against dataloss using replication techniques. Replication includes providing abackup copy of data stored on one node on one or more other nodes.Therefore, if one node fails, the data from the failed node can berecovered from a replicated copy residing at another node. However, asdescribed herein with respect to FIG. 4, data or status information foreach node in the communications grid may also be shared with each nodeon the grid.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart showing an example method for executinga project within a grid computing system, according to embodiments ofthe present technology. As described with respect to FIG. 6, the GESC atthe control node may transmit data with a client device (e.g., clientdevice 630) to receive queries for executing a project and to respond tothose queries after large amounts of data have been processed. The querymay be transmitted to the control node, where the query may include arequest for executing a project, as described in operation 702. Thequery can contain instructions on the type of data analysis to beperformed in the project and whether the project should be executedusing the grid-based computing environment, as shown in operation 704.

To initiate the project, the control node may determine if the queryrequests use of the grid-based computing environment to execute theproject. If the determination is no, then the control node initiatesexecution of the project in a solo environment (e.g., at the controlnode), as described in operation 710. If the determination is yes, thecontrol node may initiate execution of the project in the grid-basedcomputing environment, as described in operation 706. In such asituation, the request may include a requested configuration of thegrid. For example, the request may include a number of control nodes anda number of worker nodes to be used in the grid when executing theproject. After the project has been completed, the control node maytransmit results of the analysis yielded by the grid, as described inoperation 708. Whether the project is executed in a solo or grid-basedenvironment, the control node provides the results of the project.

As noted with respect to FIG. 2, the computing environments describedherein may collect data (e.g., as received from network devices, such assensors, such as network devices 204-209 in FIG. 2, and client devicesor other sources) to be processed as part of a data analytics project,and data may be received in real time as part of a streaming analyticsenvironment (e.g., ESP). Data may be collected using a variety ofsources as communicated via different kinds of networks or locally, suchas on a real-time streaming basis. For example, network devices mayreceive data periodically from network device sensors as the sensorscontinuously sense, monitor and track changes in their environments.More specifically, an increasing number of distributed applicationsdevelop or produce continuously flowing data from distributed sources byapplying queries to the data before distributing the data togeographically distributed recipients. An event stream processing engine(ESPE) may continuously apply the queries to the data as it is receivedand determines which entities should receive the data. Client or otherdevices may also subscribe to the ESPE or other devices processing ESPdata so that they can receive data after processing, based on forexample the entities determined by the processing engine. For example,client devices 230 in FIG. 2 may subscribe to the ESPE in computingenvironment 214. In another example, event subscription devices 874 a-c,described further with respect to FIG. 10, may also subscribe to theESPE. The ESPE may determine or define how input data or event streamsfrom network devices or other publishers (e.g., network devices 204-209in FIG. 2) are transformed into meaningful output data to be consumed bysubscribers, such as for example client devices 230 in FIG. 2.

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram including components of an EventStream Processing Engine (ESPE), according to embodiments of the presenttechnology. ESPE 800 may include one or more projects 802. A project maybe described as a second-level container in an engine model managed byESPE 800 where a thread pool size for the project may be defined by auser. Each project of the one or more projects 802 may include one ormore continuous queries 804 that contain data flows, which are datatransformations of incoming event streams. The one or more continuousqueries 804 may include one or more source windows 806 and one or morederived windows 808.

The ESPE may receive streaming data over a period of time related tocertain events, such as events or other data sensed by one or morenetwork devices. The ESPE may perform operations associated withprocessing data created by the one or more devices. For example, theESPE may receive data from the one or more network devices 204-209 shownin FIG. 2. As noted, the network devices may include sensors that sensedifferent aspects of their environments, and may collect data over timebased on those sensed observations. For example, the ESPE may beimplemented within one or more of machines 220 and 240 shown in FIG. 2.The ESPE may be implemented within such a machine by an ESP application.An ESP application may embed an ESPE with its own dedicated thread poolor pools into its application space where the main application threadcan do application-specific work and the ESPE processes event streams atleast by creating an instance of a model into processing objects.

The engine container is the top-level container in a model that managesthe resources of the one or more projects 802. In an illustrativeembodiment, for example, there may be only one ESPE 800 for eachinstance of the ESP application, and ESPE 800 may have a unique enginename. Additionally, the one or more projects 802 may each have uniqueproject names, and each query may have a unique continuous query nameand begin with a uniquely named source window of the one or more sourcewindows 806. ESPE 800 may or may not be persistent.

Continuous query modeling involves defining directed graphs of windowsfor event stream manipulation and transformation. A window in thecontext of event stream manipulation and transformation is a processingnode in an event stream processing model. A window in a continuous querycan perform aggregations, computations, pattern-matching, and otheroperations on data flowing through the window. A continuous query may bedescribed as a directed graph of source, relational, pattern matching,and procedural windows. The one or more source windows 806 and the oneor more derived windows 808 represent continuously executing queriesthat generate updates to a query result set as new event blocks streamthrough ESPE 800. A directed graph, for example, is a set of nodesconnected by edges, where the edges have a direction associated withthem.

An event object may be described as a packet of data accessible as acollection of fields, with at least one of the fields defined as a keyor unique identifier (ID). The event object may be created using avariety of formats including binary, alphanumeric, XML, etc. Each eventobject may include one or more fields designated as a primary identifier(ID) for the event so ESPE 800 can support operation codes (opcodes) forevents including insert, update, upsert, and delete. Upsert opcodesupdate the event if the key field already exists; otherwise, the eventis inserted. For illustration, an event object may be a packed binaryrepresentation of a set of field values and include both metadata andfield data associated with an event. The metadata may include an opcodeindicating if the event represents an insert, update, delete, or upsert,a set of flags indicating if the event is a normal, partial-update, or aretention generated event from retention policy management, and a set ofmicrosecond timestamps that can be used for latency measurements.

An event block object may be described as a grouping or package of eventobjects. An event stream may be described as a flow of event blockobjects. A continuous query of the one or more continuous queries 804transforms a source event stream made up of streaming event blockobjects published into ESPE 800 into one or more output event streamsusing the one or more source windows 806 and the one or more derivedwindows 808. A continuous query can also be thought of as data flowmodeling.

The one or more source windows 806 are at the top of the directed graphand have no windows feeding into them. Event streams are published intothe one or more source windows 806, and from there, the event streamsmay be directed to the next set of connected windows as defined by thedirected graph. The one or more derived windows 808 are all instantiatedwindows that are not source windows and that have other windowsstreaming events into them. The one or more derived windows 808 mayperform computations or transformations on the incoming event streams.The one or more derived windows 808 transform event streams based on thewindow type (that is operators such as join, filter, compute, aggregate,copy, pattern match, procedural, union, etc.) and window settings. Asevent streams are published into ESPE 800, they are continuouslyqueried, and the resulting sets of derived windows in these queries arecontinuously updated.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process includingoperations performed by an event stream processing engine, according tosome embodiments of the present technology. As noted, the ESPE 800 (oran associated ESP application) defines how input event streams aretransformed into meaningful output event streams. More specifically, theESP application may define how input event streams from publishers(e.g., network devices providing sensed data) are transformed intomeaningful output event streams consumed by subscribers (e.g., a dataanalytics project being executed by a machine or set of machines).

Within the application, a user may interact with one or more userinterface windows presented to the user in a display under control ofthe ESPE independently or through a browser application in an orderselectable by the user. For example, a user may execute an ESPapplication, which causes presentation of a first user interface window,which may include a plurality of menus and selectors such as drop downmenus, buttons, text boxes, hyperlinks, etc. associated with the ESPapplication as understood by a person of skill in the art. As furtherunderstood by a person of skill in the art, various operations may beperformed in parallel, for example, using a plurality of threads.

At operation 900, an ESP application may define and start an ESPE,thereby instantiating an ESPE at a device, such as machine 220 and/or240. In an operation 902, the engine container is created. Forillustration, ESPE 800 may be instantiated using a function call thatspecifies the engine container as a manager for the model.

In an operation 904, the one or more continuous queries 804 areinstantiated by ESPE 800 as a model. The one or more continuous queries804 may be instantiated with a dedicated thread pool or pools thatgenerate updates as new events stream through ESPE 800. Forillustration, the one or more continuous queries 804 may be created tomodel business processing logic within ESPE 800, to predict eventswithin ESPE 800, to model a physical system within ESPE 800, to predictthe physical system state within ESPE 800, etc. For example, as noted,ESPE 800 may be used to support sensor data monitoring and management(e.g., sensing may include force, torque, load, strain, position,temperature, air pressure, fluid flow, chemical properties, resistance,electromagnetic fields, radiation, irradiance, proximity, acoustics,moisture, distance, speed, vibrations, acceleration, electricalpotential, or electrical current, etc.).

ESPE 800 may analyze and process events in motion or “event streams.”Instead of storing data and running queries against the stored data,ESPE 800 may store queries and stream data through them to allowcontinuous analysis of data as it is received. The one or more sourcewindows 806 and the one or more derived windows 808 may be created basedon the relational, pattern matching, and procedural algorithms thattransform the input event streams into the output event streams tomodel, simulate, score, test, predict, etc. based on the continuousquery model defined and application to the streamed data.

In an operation 906, a publish/subscribe (pub/sub) capability isinitialized for ESPE 800. In an illustrative embodiment, a pub/subcapability is initialized for each project of the one or more projects802. To initialize and enable pub/sub capability for ESPE 800, a portnumber may be provided. Pub/sub clients can use a host name of an ESPdevice running the ESPE and the port number to establish pub/subconnections to ESPE 800.

FIG. 10 illustrates an ESP system 850 interfacing between publishingdevice 872 and event subscribing devices 874 a-c, according toembodiments of the present technology. ESP system 850 may include ESPdevice or subsystem 851, event publishing device 872, an eventsubscribing device A 874 a, an event subscribing device B 874 b, and anevent subscribing device C 874 c. Input event streams are output to ESPdevice 851 by publishing device 872. In alternative embodiments, theinput event streams may be created by a plurality of publishing devices.The plurality of publishing devices further may publish event streams toother ESP devices. The one or more continuous queries instantiated byESPE 800 may analyze and process the input event streams to form outputevent streams output to event subscribing device A 874 a, eventsubscribing device B 874 b, and event subscribing device C 874 c. ESPsystem 850 may include a greater or a fewer number of event subscribingdevices of event subscribing devices.

Publish-subscribe is a message-oriented interaction paradigm based onindirect addressing. Processed data recipients specify their interest inreceiving information from ESPE 800 by subscribing to specific classesof events, while information sources publish events to ESPE 800 withoutdirectly addressing the receiving parties. ESPE 800 coordinates theinteractions and processes the data. In some cases, the data sourcereceives confirmation that the published information has been receivedby a data recipient.

A publish/subscribe API may be described as a library that enables anevent publisher, such as publishing device 872, to publish event streamsinto ESPE 800 or an event subscriber, such as event subscribing device A874 a, event subscribing device B 874 b, and event subscribing device C874 c, to subscribe to event streams from ESPE 800. For illustration,one or more publish/subscribe APIs may be defined. Using thepublish/subscribe API, an event publishing application may publish eventstreams into a running event stream processor project source window ofESPE 800, and the event subscription application may subscribe to anevent stream processor project source window of ESPE 800.

The publish/subscribe API provides cross-platform connectivity andendianness compatibility between ESP application and other networkedapplications, such as event publishing applications instantiated atpublishing device 872, and event subscription applications instantiatedat one or more of event subscribing device A 874 a, event subscribingdevice B 874 b, and event subscribing device C 874 c.

Referring back to FIG. 9, operation 906 initializes thepublish/subscribe capability of ESPE 800. In an operation 908, the oneor more projects 802 are started. The one or more started projects mayrun in the background on an ESP device. In an operation 910, an eventblock object is received from one or more computing device of the eventpublishing device 872.

ESP subsystem 800 may include a publishing client 852, ESPE 800, asubscribing client A 854, a subscribing client B 856, and a subscribingclient C 858. Publishing client 852 may be started by an eventpublishing application executing at publishing device 872 using thepublish/subscribe API. Subscribing client A 854 may be started by anevent subscription application A, executing at event subscribing deviceA 874 a using the publish/subscribe API. Subscribing client B 856 may bestarted by an event subscription application B executing at eventsubscribing device B 874 b using the publish/subscribe API. Subscribingclient C 858 may be started by an event subscription application Cexecuting at event subscribing device C 874 c using thepublish/subscribe API.

An event block object containing one or more event objects is injectedinto a source window of the one or more source windows 806 from aninstance of an event publishing application on event publishing device872. The event block object may generated, for example, by the eventpublishing application and may be received by publishing client 852. Aunique ID may be maintained as the event block object is passed betweenthe one or more source windows 806 and/or the one or more derivedwindows 808 of ESPE 800, and to subscribing client A 854, subscribingclient B 806, and subscribing client C 808 and to event subscriptiondevice A 874 a, event subscription device B 874 b, and eventsubscription device C 874 c. Publishing client 852 may further generateand include a unique embedded transaction ID in the event block objectas the event block object is processed by a continuous query, as well asthe unique ID that publishing device 872 assigned to the event blockobject.

In an operation 912, the event block object is processed through the oneor more continuous queries 804. In an operation 914, the processed eventblock object is output to one or more computing devices of the eventsubscribing devices 874 a-c. For example, subscribing client A 804,subscribing client B 806, and subscribing client C 808 may send thereceived event block object to event subscription device A 874 a, eventsubscription device B 874 b, and event subscription device C 874 c,respectively.

ESPE 800 maintains the event block containership aspect of the receivedevent blocks from when the event block is published into a source windowand works its way through the directed graph defined by the one or morecontinuous queries 804 with the various event translations before beingoutput to subscribers. Subscribers can correlate a group of subscribedevents back to a group of published events by comparing the unique ID ofthe event block object that a publisher, such as publishing device 872,attached to the event block object with the event block ID received bythe subscriber.

In an operation 916, a determination is made concerning whether or notprocessing is stopped. If processing is not stopped, processingcontinues in operation 910 to continue receiving the one or more eventstreams containing event block objects from the, for example, one ormore network devices. If processing is stopped, processing continues inan operation 918. In operation 918, the started projects are stopped. Inoperation 920, the ESPE is shutdown.

As noted, in some embodiments, big data is processed for an analyticsproject after the data is received and stored. In other embodiments,distributed applications process continuously flowing data in real-timefrom distributed sources by applying queries to the data beforedistributing the data to geographically distributed recipients. Asnoted, an event stream processing engine (ESPE) may continuously applythe queries to the data as it is received and determines which entitiesreceive the processed data. This allows for large amounts of data beingreceived and/or collected in a variety of environments to be processedand distributed in real time. For example, as shown with respect to FIG.2, data may be collected from network devices that may include deviceswithin the internet of things, such as devices within a home automationnetwork. However, such data may be collected from a variety of differentresources in a variety of different environments. In any such situation,embodiments of the present technology allow for real-time processing ofsuch data.

Aspects of the current disclosure provide technical solutions totechnical problems, such as computing problems that arise when an ESPdevice fails which results in a complete service interruption andpotentially significant data loss. The data loss can be catastrophicwhen the streamed data is supporting mission critical operations such asthose in support of an ongoing manufacturing or drilling operation. Anembodiment of an ESP system achieves a rapid and seamless failover ofESPE running at the plurality of ESP devices without serviceinterruption or data loss, thus significantly improving the reliabilityof an operational system that relies on the live or real-time processingof the data streams. The event publishing systems, the event subscribingsystems, and each ESPE not executing at a failed ESP device are notaware of or effected by the failed ESP device. The ESP system mayinclude thousands of event publishing systems and event subscribingsystems. The ESP system keeps the failover logic and awareness withinthe boundaries of out-messaging network connector and out-messagingnetwork device.

In one example embodiment, a system is provided to support a failoverwhen event stream processing (ESP) event blocks. The system includes,but is not limited to, an out-messaging network device and a computingdevice. The computing device includes, but is not limited to, aprocessor and a computer-readable medium operably coupled to theprocessor. The processor is configured to execute an ESP engine (ESPE).The computer-readable medium has instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the computing device to support thefailover. An event block object is received from the ESPE that includesa unique identifier. A first status of the computing device as active orstandby is determined. When the first status is active, a second statusof the computing device as newly active or not newly active isdetermined. Newly active is determined when the computing device isswitched from a standby status to an active status. When the secondstatus is newly active, a last published event block object identifierthat uniquely identifies a last published event block object isdetermined. A next event block object is selected from a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium accessible by the computing device. The nextevent block object has an event block object identifier that is greaterthan the determined last published event block object identifier. Theselected next event block object is published to an out-messagingnetwork device. When the second status of the computing device is notnewly active, the received event block object is published to theout-messaging network device. When the first status of the computingdevice is standby, the received event block object is stored in thenon-transitory computer-readable medium.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an example of a process for generating andusing a machine-learning model according to some aspects. Machinelearning is a branch of artificial intelligence that relates tomathematical models that can learn from, categorize, and makepredictions about data. Such mathematical models, which can be referredto as machine-learning models, can classify input data among two or moreclasses; cluster input data among two or more groups; predict a resultbased on input data; identify patterns or trends in input data; identifya distribution of input data in a space; or any combination of these.Examples of machine-learning models can include (i) neural networks;(ii) decision trees, such as classification trees and regression trees;(iii) classifiers, such as Naïve bias classifiers, logistic regressionclassifiers, ridge regression classifiers, random forest classifiers,least absolute shrinkage and selector (LASSO) classifiers, and supportvector machines; (iv) clusterers, such as k-means clusterers, mean-shiftclusterers, and spectral clusterers; (v) factorizers, such asfactorization machines, principal component analyzers and kernelprincipal component analyzers; and (vi) ensembles or other combinationsof machine-learning models. In some examples, neural networks caninclude deep neural networks, feed-forward neural networks, recurrentneural networks, convolutional neural networks, radial basis function(RBF) neural networks, echo state neural networks, long short-termmemory neural networks, bi-directional recurrent neural networks, gatedneural networks, hierarchical recurrent neural networks, stochasticneural networks, modular neural networks, spiking neural networks,dynamic neural networks, cascading neural networks, neuro-fuzzy neuralnetworks, or any combination of these.

Different machine-learning models may be used interchangeably to performa task. Examples of tasks that can be performed at least partially usingmachine-learning models include various types of scoring;bioinformatics; cheminformatics; software engineering; fraud detection;customer segmentation; generating online recommendations; adaptivewebsites; determining customer lifetime value; search engines; placingadvertisements in real time or near real time; classifying DNAsequences; affective computing; performing natural language processingand understanding; object recognition and computer vision; roboticlocomotion; playing games; optimization and metaheuristics; detectingnetwork intrusions; medical diagnosis and monitoring; or predicting whenan asset, such as a machine, will need maintenance.

Any number and combination of tools can be used to createmachine-learning models. Examples of tools for creating and managingmachine-learning models can include SAS® Enterprise Miner, SAS® RapidPredictive Modeler, and SAS® Model Manager, SAS Cloud Analytic Services(CAS)®, SAS Viya® of all which are by SAS Institute Inc. of Cary, N.C.

Machine-learning models can be constructed through an at least partiallyautomated (e.g., with little or no human involvement) process calledtraining. During training, input data can be iteratively supplied to amachine-learning model to enable the machine-learning model to identifypatterns related to the input data or to identify relationships betweenthe input data and output data. With training, the machine-learningmodel can be transformed from an untrained state to a trained state.Input data can be split into one or more training sets and one or morevalidation sets, and the training process may be repeated multipletimes. The splitting may follow a k-fold cross-validation rule, aleave-one-out-rule, a leave-p-out rule, or a holdout rule. An overviewof training and using a machine-learning model is described below withrespect to the flow chart of FIG. 11.

In block 1104, training data is received. In some examples, the trainingdata is received from a remote database or a local database, constructedfrom various subsets of data, or input by a user. The training data canbe used in its raw form for training a machine-learning model orpre-processed into another form, which can then be used for training themachine-learning model. For example, the raw form of the training datacan be smoothed, truncated, aggregated, clustered, or otherwisemanipulated into another form, which can then be used for training themachine-learning model.

In block 1106, a machine-learning model is trained using the trainingdata. The machine-learning model can be trained in a supervised,unsupervised, or semi-supervised manner. In supervised training, eachinput in the training data is correlated to a desired output. Thisdesired output may be a scalar, a vector, or a different type of datastructure such as text or an image. This may enable the machine-learningmodel to learn a mapping between the inputs and desired outputs. Inunsupervised training, the training data includes inputs, but notdesired outputs, so that the machine-learning model has to findstructure in the inputs on its own. In semi-supervised training, onlysome of the inputs in the training data are correlated to desiredoutputs.

In block 1108, the machine-learning model is evaluated. For example, anevaluation dataset can be obtained, for example, via user input or froma database. The evaluation dataset can include inputs correlated todesired outputs. The inputs can be provided to the machine-learningmodel and the outputs from the machine-learning model can be compared tothe desired outputs. If the outputs from the machine-learning modelclosely correspond with the desired outputs, the machine-learning modelmay have a high degree of accuracy. For example, if 90% or more of theoutputs from the machine-learning model are the same as the desiredoutputs in the evaluation dataset, the machine-learning model may have ahigh degree of accuracy. Otherwise, the machine-learning model may havea low degree of accuracy. The 90% number is an example only. A realisticand desirable accuracy percentage is dependent on the problem and thedata.

In some examples, if the machine-learning model has an inadequate degreeof accuracy for a particular task, the process can return to block 1106,where the machine-learning model can be further trained using additionaltraining data or otherwise modified to improve accuracy. If themachine-learning model has an adequate degree of accuracy for theparticular task, the process can continue to block 1110.

In block 1110, new data is received. In some examples, the new data isreceived from a remote database or a local database, constructed fromvarious subsets of data, or input by a user. The new data may be unknownto the machine-learning model. For example, the machine-learning modelmay not have previously processed or analyzed the new data.

In block 1112, the trained machine-learning model is used to analyze thenew data and provide a result. For example, the new data can be providedas input to the trained machine-learning model. The trainedmachine-learning model can analyze the new data and provide a resultthat includes a classification of the new data into a particular class,a clustering of the new data into a particular group, a prediction basedon the new data, or any combination of these.

In block 1114, the result is post-processed. For example, the result canbe added to, multiplied with, or otherwise combined with other data aspart of a job. As another example, the result can be transformed from afirst format, such as a time series format, into another format, such asa count series format. Any number and combination of operations can beperformed on the result during post-processing.

A more specific example of a machine-learning model is the neuralnetwork 1200 shown in FIG. 12. The neural network 1200 is represented asmultiple layers of interconnected neurons, such as neuron 1208, that canexchange data between one another. The layers include an input layer1202 for receiving input data, a hidden layer 1204, and an output layer1206 for providing a result. The hidden layer 1204 is referred to ashidden because it may not be directly observable or have its inputdirectly accessible during the normal functioning of the neural network1200. Although the neural network 1200 is shown as having a specificnumber of layers and neurons for exemplary purposes, the neural network1200 can have any number and combination of layers, and each layer canhave any number and combination of neurons.

The neurons and connections between the neurons can have numericweights, which can be tuned during training. For example, training datacan be provided to the input layer 1202 of the neural network 1200, andthe neural network 1200 can use the training data to tune one or morenumeric weights of the neural network 1200. In some examples, the neuralnetwork 1200 can be trained using backpropagation. Backpropagation caninclude determining a gradient of a particular numeric weight based on adifference between an actual output of the neural network 1200 and adesired output of the neural network 1200. Based on the gradient, one ormore numeric weights of the neural network 1200 can be updated to reducethe difference, thereby increasing the accuracy of the neural network1200. This process can be repeated multiple times to train the neuralnetwork 1200. For example, this process can be repeated hundreds orthousands of times to train the neural network 1200.

In some examples, the neural network 1200 is a feed-forward neuralnetwork. In a feed-forward neural network, every neuron only propagatesan output value to a subsequent layer of the neural network 1200. Forexample, data may only move one direction (forward) from one neuron tothe next neuron in a feed-forward neural network.

In other examples, the neural network 1200 is a recurrent neuralnetwork. A recurrent neural network can include one or more feedbackloops, allowing data to propagate in both forward and backward throughthe neural network 1200. This can allow for information to persistwithin the recurrent neural network. For example, a recurrent neuralnetwork can determine an output based at least partially on informationthat the recurrent neural network has seen before, giving the recurrentneural network the ability to use previous input to inform the output.

In some examples, the neural network 1200 operates by receiving a vectorof numbers from one layer; transforming the vector of numbers into a newvector of numbers using a matrix of numeric weights, a nonlinearity, orboth; and providing the new vector of numbers to a subsequent layer ofthe neural network 1200. Each subsequent layer of the neural network1200 can repeat this process until the neural network 1200 outputs afinal result at the output layer 1206. For example, the neural network1200 can receive a vector of numbers as an input at the input layer1202. The neural network 1200 can multiply the vector of numbers by amatrix of numeric weights to determine a weighted vector. The matrix ofnumeric weights can be tuned during the training of the neural network1200. The neural network 1200 can transform the weighted vector using anonlinearity, such as a sigmoid tangent or the hyperbolic tangent. Insome examples, the nonlinearity can include a rectified linear unit,which can be expressed using the following equation:y=max(x,0)

where y is the output and x is an input value from the weighted vector.The transformed output can be supplied to a subsequent layer, such asthe hidden layer 1204, of the neural network 1200. The subsequent layerof the neural network 1200 can receive the transformed output, multiplythe transformed output by a matrix of numeric weights and anonlinearity, and provide the result to yet another layer of the neuralnetwork 1200. This process continues until the neural network 1200outputs a final result at the output layer 1206.

Other examples of the present disclosure may include any number andcombination of machine-learning models having any number and combinationof characteristics. The machine-learning model(s) can be trained in asupervised, semi-supervised, or unsupervised manner, or any combinationof these. The machine-learning model(s) can be implemented using asingle computing device or multiple computing devices, such as thecommunications grid computing system 400 discussed above.

Implementing some examples of the present disclosure at least in part byusing machine-learning models can reduce the total number of processingiterations, time, memory, electrical power, or any combination of theseconsumed by a computing device when analyzing data. For example, aneural network may more readily identify patterns in data than otherapproaches. This may enable the neural network to analyze the data usingfewer processing cycles and less memory than other approaches whileobtaining a similar or greater level of accuracy.

Some machine-learning approaches may be more efficiently and speedilyexecuted and processed with machine-learning specific processors (e.g.,not a generic CPU). Such processors may also provide an energy savingswhen compared to generic CPUs. For example, some of these processors caninclude a graphical processing unit (GPU), an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), anartificial intelligence (AI) accelerator, a neural computing core, aneural computing engine, a neural processing unit, a purpose-built chiparchitecture for deep learning, and/or some other machine-learningspecific processor that implements a machine learning approach or one ormore neural networks using semiconductor (e.g., silicon (Si), galliumarsenide (GaAs)) devices. These processors may also be employed inheterogeneous computing architectures with a number of and a variety ofdifferent types of cores, engines, nodes, and/or layers to achievevarious energy efficiencies, processing speed improvements, datacommunication speed improvements, and/or data efficiency targets andimprovements throughout various parts of the system when compared to ahomogeneous computing architecture that employs CPUs for general purposecomputing.

FIGS. 13A/13B illustrate examples of a distributed processing systemenvironment 1300 to process data and generate scalable plots. Theprocessing system environment 1300 may utilize a grouping method, suchas clustering or binning, to enable processing large datasets that werepreviously too computationally intensive to generate plots in areasonable amount of time. The processing system environment 1300 alsoenables generation of segmented plots such that a user can drill down oncurves to reveal additional information or a number of curves making upthe curve at a higher level. In embodiments, the computing systemenvironment 1300 includes a number of connected systems to enableprocessing of data and plot generation. Moreover, the computing systemenvironment includes a system 1305 having a number of components coupledwith other systems, including a data system 1330, and a display system1340. Each of the systems 1330 and 1340 may include a number ofprocessing and networking elements and may be coupled with system 1305via one or more wired and/or wireless links 1301.

The data system 1330 may include one or more storage devices to storedata 1332. The information and data can be stored in any type of datastructure, such as databases, lists, arrays, trees, hashes, files, andso forth. Further, the one or more of the data system 1330 can include aNetwork-attached storage (NAS), Direct-attached storage (DAS), a Storagearea network (SAN), include storage devices, such as magnetic storagedevices and optical storage devices. The storage may also includevolatile and non-volatile storage. Embodiments are not limited in thismanner.

In embodiments, the display system 1340 may include processingcircuitry, memory, and a display device 1342 to display information andplots. The display device 1342 may include any type of displayincluding, but not limited to, Cathode ray tube display (CRT),Light-emitting diode display (LED), Electroluminescent display (ELD),Plasma display panel (PDP), Liquid crystal display (LCD),High-Performance Addressing display (HPA), Thin-film transistor display(TFT), Organic light-emitting diode display (OLED). In some embodiments,the display 1340 may include a projector to display on a wall or anothersurface. Embodiments are not limited to these examples.

System 1305 also includes a number components, including, but notlimited to, memory 1322, processing circuitry 1324, one or moreinterfaces 1326, and storage 1328. The system 1305 may be coupled withone or more other systems, components, devices, networks, and so forththrough network environment 1335.

Storage 1328 may be any type of storage, including, but not limited to,magnetic storage and optical storage, for example. The storage 1328 maystore information and data for system 1305, such as information forprocessing by the system 1305. In embodiments, the storage 1328 maystore information, data, one or more instructions, code, and so forthfor the modeling system 1310. Embodiments are not limited in thismanner.

The memory 1322 of system 1305 can be implemented using anymachine-readable or computer-readable media capable of storing data,including both volatile and non-volatile memory. In some embodiments,the machine-readable or computer-readable medium may include anon-transitory medium. The embodiments are not limited in this context.The memory 1322 can store data momentarily, temporarily, or permanently.The memory 1322 stores instructions and data for system 1305, which maybe processed by processing circuitry 1324. For example, the memory 1322may also store temporary variables or other intermediate informationwhile the processing circuitry 1322 is executing instructions. Thememory 1322 is not limited to storing the above-discussed data; thememory 1322 may store any type of data.

In embodiments, the system 1305 may include processing circuitry 1324which may include one or more of any type of computational element, suchas but not limited to, a microprocessor, a processor, central processingunit, digital signal processing unit, dual-core processor, mobile deviceprocessor, desktop processor, single core processor, a system-on-chip(SoC) device, complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, areduced instruction set (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instructionword (VLIW) microprocessor, or any other type of processing circuitry,processor or processing circuit on a single chip or integrated circuit.The processing circuitry 1322 may be connected to and communicate withthe other elements of the system 1305 including the plotting system1310, the storage 1328, the memory 1322, and the one or more interfaces1320.

The system 1305 may also include one or more interfaces 1326 which mayenable the system to communicate with the network environment 1335. Insome embodiments, the interfaces 1326 can be a network interface, auniversal serial bus interface (USB), a Firewire interface, a SmallComputer System Interface (SCSI), a parallel port interface, a serialport interface, or any other device to enable the system 1305 toexchange information.

The system 1305 may also include a plotting system 1310 to process dataand generate plots that are scalable and/or segmented to provide visualinformation to a user on a display device, for example. Traditionalplots require the creation of a plot dataset in which data, e.g., thedata used to fit the black box model, is replicated once for each uniquecombination of the values of the variables being plotted. Thus, theyscale poorly with plot variables that have many unique values especiallycontinuous variables and datasets that have many rows.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 may use clustering to generateplots with dramatically improved scalability. For example, the plottingsystem 1310 can apply k-prototypes clustering to a dataset to derive kcluster centers. The number of clusters may be determined via theAligned Box Criteria (ABC) method, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No.9,424,337 to Hall et al. and incorporated by reference. In someinstances, a user may set a maximum number of clusters to perform. The kcluster centers are treated as a proxy representation of the originaldataset. The proxy dataset retains the original input features but witha greatly reduced number of data. The plotting system 1310 computes andgenerates the plot using the replicated proxy dataset, and averageweighted scores, e.g., average weighted ŷ values, that are used to takeinto account variation in cluster sizes. Thus, big clusters will notimproperly dominate the average calculated over the replicated proxydataset. In one example, a dataset with 1 million observations and 1000unique values of a plot variable that when fully replicated has a sizeof 1 billion observations. By applying k-prototype cluster the 1 billionobservations can be reduced to 100,000 or fewer observations. Thus, theplotting system 1310 requires much less disk storage space andcomputational resources to generate accurate plots. Moreover, theplotting system 1310 enables much faster plot generation yet provides afaithful representation of the traditional plot that would be obtainedusing the fully replicated dataset. Embodiments are not limited in thismanner. For example, the plotting system 1310 may utilize a differentgrouping method, such as sampling, binning, and so forth to achievesimilar computational and memory savings.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 generates plots that are modelagnostic and produce measurement-level appropriate 1-Dimension (1-D) and2-D graphs; the plots include a variety of plot types including bar,scatter, contour, heatmap, response surface, and so forth. Inembodiments, the plotting system 1310 may generate partial dependence(PD) plots, Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots, and so forththat depicts the functional relationship between one or more modelinputs and the predicted values. For example, the plots may show thepartial dependence of a model's prediction on a small selected subset ofvariables. The plots can be used to profile nonlinearities andinteractions and used to compare and evaluate candidate models.Moreover, the plots are visualization tools that help analystsunderstand how important variables ‘work’ in a black box predictivemodel.

The plotting system 1310 can also generate plots that are segmented suchthat a user can drill down on curves to reveal additional information ora number of curves making up the curve at a higher level. For example,the plotting system 1310 may generate segmented ICE plots with optimalk-prototype clustering of individual curves to uncover the typical waysin which the input variable of interest relates to the model'spredictions. In one specifically example, the Aligned Box Criterion(ABC) method is utilized to choose the optimal number of curvesautomatically, e.g., without user intervention. This approach scaleswell with big data in the compute environment and, in addition,facilitates drilling down to individual curves. Visually, theoverview/drill-down approach, as discussed herein, is more digestibleand user-friendly than the original plots. In one example, ICE plots mayprovide a fine-grained picture of the relationship between an inputvariable and a model's predictions. However, the fine granularity of theplots may present visualization challenge because there could bemillions of individual curves to plot, e.g., one per observation.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 computes each curve for eachobservation. The plotting system 1310 may use the entire dataset,without grouping, such as clustering, sampling, binning, etc., if thedataset is small, e.g., less than or ˜1000 observations. In otherinstances, the plotting system 1310 may perform grouping, such asclustering, sampling, binning, etc., on the dataset prior to computingeach individual curve when the dataset is large, e.g., greater than 1000observation. For example, the plotting system 1310 may randomly sampleobservations from the dataset to reduce the size of the data set priorto computing the each curve to reduce computational resource usage. Inembodiments, the plotting system 1310 may determine whether to performgrouping based on the number of observations and the number of uniquevalues of the variable(s) of interest. For example, a dataset havingmany unique values may require and/or use a lot of processing resourcesto process in a reasonable amount of time, even for small datasets. Inthis case, the plotting system 1310 may determine to perform grouping.Note that embodiments are not limited to these examples. In someinstances, the plotting system 1310 may determine whether a dataset issmall or large based on the computing resources available and a desiredamount of time in which to generate the plots. In either case, theplotting system 1310 does not plot each individual curve, but utilizesclustering, such as k-prototype clustering, to segment the individualcurves. The plotting system 1310 plots the segmented plots and eachcurve in a segment plot represents a derived cluster of curves ratherthan an individual curve. A segmented plot summarizes the individualvariation around the partial dependence function without overwhelmingthe consumer with individual curves. The plotting system 1310 alsoenables a consumer to drill down on each segmented curve to individualcurves. For example, the plotting system 1310 may receive an inputselection of a particular segmented curve and generate new plotsincluding each of the individual curves represented by the particularsegmented curve selected by the user.

FIG. 13B illustrates an example computing system environment 1350illustrating a number of controllers of plotting system 1310 to performoperations discussed. In embodiments, the computing system environment1350 may be the same or similar to computing system environment 1300 ofFIG. 13A. In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 includes a datacontroller 1312, a clustering controller 1314, a data reducingcontroller 1316, a plot generation controller 1318, and a plot displaycontroller 1320. In embodiments, the data controller 1312 may obtain adataset that may be used by the plotting system 1310 to generate plots.As previously discussed, the plotting system 1310 may be utilized togenerate plots to illustrate the functional relationship between one ormore inputs and a model's predictions. In embodiments, the plottingsystem 1310 may generate PD plots using a grouping method, such asclustering. In embodiments, the data controller 1312 may be utilized toprocess a plot request to generate one or more plots.

FIG. 14 illustrates one possible logic flow 1400 that may occur duringoperation of a data collection routine and to process the plot requestperformed by the data controller 1312. At block 1402, the datacontroller 1312 may receive an indication of a plot generation request.The indication may be based on a request generated by a user, forexample, and the request may be received by the plotting system 1310 viaan input. In one example, a user may use an input device interactingwith a graphical user interface (GUI) to cause generation of a plotusing a dataset and a model. The indication may include information,such as an identifier of the dataset to use to generate plots, alocation of the dataset, a model and/or location of model score code,one or more variables to plot, and column metadata (target, inputs).

At block 1404, the data controller 1312 may obtain the dataset includingobservations and variables from one or more sources, such as data system1330, which can include one or more databases, network entities,websites, data servers, and so forth. The dataset may be retrieved orreceived from a number of databases, each having different parts of thedataset, for example. In some embodiments, the data controller 1312 mayutilize the identifier and/or the identified location of the dataset toretrieve the dataset. The data controller 1312 may determine and obtainthe model and/or model score code at block 1406. Embodiments are notlimited in this manner. For example, additional information andparameters may be determined, such as a grouping indication to indicatewhat grouping is to be used, e.g., sampling, clustering, binning, and soforth. The information may also indicate additional informationconcerning the grouping, e.g., a grouping type (k-prototype clustering),a sampling percent, number of clusters, and so forth. The Datacontroller 1312 may also determine an output for the plot, e.g., a 1-Dplot, a 2-D plot, and so forth. Embodiments are not limited in thismanner.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 includes a clusteringcontroller 1314 to perform grouping operations to reduce a dataset andgenerate segmented curves. For example, the clustering controller 1314may perform clustering on a dataset for generating PD plots. FIG. 15illustrates one possible logic flow 1500 that may occur to perform agrouping operation on a dataset, determine cluster centers, anddetermine N-weighted average ŷ values for the cluster centers togenerate PD plots. At block 1502, the clustering controller 1314 mayobtain the dataset and associated information to perform clustering. Thedataset and information may be provided by the data controller 1312, forexample. At block 1504, the clustering controller 1314 may determine anumber of clusters to generate for the dataset. In one example, thenumber of clusters may be decided and provided by a user of the system.A user may enter the number of clusters in a GUI via an input device,such as keyboard and/or mouse, for example. In another example, a usermay enter a desired level of fidelity and the cluster controller 1314may determine a number of clusters based on the indicated level offidelity. For example, the user may enter a number clusters, or a usermay specify high fidelity, low fidelity, etc. and the cluster controller1314 may determine the number of clusters by adjusting the percentage ofobservation sampled, the ratio of clusters drawn to number of actualobservations, and so forth. In some embodiments, the number of clustersmay be determined automatically by the clustering controller 1314 byexamining characteristics of the dataset and applying the ABC method.The characteristics may include the shape and scale of distributionpoints in the dataset, proximity vs. spread of the points in Ndimensions, and so forth, and points in close proximity will tend to bein the same cluster. Embodiments are not limited to these examples andother techniques may be utilized to determine the number of clusters,e.g., the percentage of variance as a function of the number ofclusters, applying criterion such as Akaike information criterion (AIC),Bayesian information criterion (BIC), the Deviance information criterion(DIC), and so forth.

In some embodiments, a different grouping operation may be utilized. Forexample, the clustering controller 1314 may perform sampling of thedataset, and the clustering controller 1314 may determine a percentagevalue to sample. The percentage value may be user provided, for example.In another example, the clustering controller 1314 may utilize binningor bucketing to group the dataset, e.g., using a central value of aspecified interval of the dataset. Embodiments are not limited to thisexample.

In embodiments, the logic flow 1500 includes the clustering controller1314 performing clustering or grouping on the dataset at block 1506. Forexample, the clustering controller 1314 may perform k-prototypeclustering on the dataset, where k represents the number of clustersdetermined at block 1504. Thus, the clustering controller 1314 maygenerate k clusters each having a cluster center. The k-prototypeclustering technique enables clustering for datasets including numericaland categorical attributes. However, embodiments may use otherclustering techniques to cluster the dataset, e.g., k-means clusteringand other centroid clustering algorithms.

At block 1508 the logic flow 1500 includes the clustering controller1314 determining an average predicted value for each of the clustercenters. In embodiments, the average predicted values for each of thecluster center centers may be N-weighted average ŷ values. Theclustering controller 1314 may generate k cluster centers and assign theobjects or data points that are nearest cluster center minimizing thesquared distances from the cluster. The distances calculated may be theEuclidean distance or the Manhattan distance, for example. Each of thecluster centers may be associated with the same or approximately thesame number of objects of data points. Further, each of the clustercenters is represented by a central vector or cluster center value,which may not necessarily be a member of the data set. The clustercenter values may be utilized as proxy representations to replace datain the dataset generating a reduced dataset.

The plotting system 1310 may include a data reduction controller 1316 toreduce the dataset by utilizing the cluster center values to representthe data in the dataset. The reduced dataset may be used to generatedesired plots and reducing the dataset saves computational resourcessuch as computer processing cycles and memory usage when generating theplot. FIG. 16 illustrates one possible logic flow 1600 that may occur toreduce the dataset based on the cluster center values by the datareduction controller 1316. At block 1602, the data reduction controller1316 obtains the cluster center values for each of the clusters. Forexample, the cluster center values may be obtained for a data storagesystem and/or memory. Similarly, the data reduction controller 1316 mayobtain the dataset at block 1604. The dataset may also be obtained fromstorage and/or memory. In one example, the dataset may be obtained froma database stored on a storage system. However, embodiments are notlimited in this manner, and the dataset may be stored using otherstorage methods, e.g., a spreadsheet, a file, and so forth. At block1606, the data reduction controller 1316 may reduce the dataset usingthe cluster center values. The reduced dataset may be stored in adatabase, spreadsheet, file, and so forth. Embodiments are not limitedin this manner.

In embodiments, the data reduction controller 1316 replicates thereduced dataset for each unique value of the plot variables. Uniquevalues of the plot variables may include each instance of a value for avariable, and repeated values are excluded, for example. At block 1608,the data reduction controller 1316 may determine the number of variablesto plot. The number of variables and/or which variables may be providedby a user via an input or automatically determined via the ABC method,for example. At block 1610, the data reduction controller 1316 mayreplicate the reduced dataset based on the determined number ofvariables to plot. More specifically, the data reduction controller 1316may replicate the reduced dataset x times for an x number of variables.For example, if the data reduction controller 1316 determines that thereare ten variables to plot, the data reduction controller 1316 mayreplicate the reduced dataset ten times. Thus, if the number of clustersis reduced to 1000, each of the 1000 cluster center values orobservations are replicated ten times, and the reduced dataset will nowhave 10,000 values after the replication. Embodiments are not limited tothis example. The reduced dataset with replicated values may then beused to generate a plot.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 may include a plot generationcontroller 1318 to generate plots utilizing a reduced dataset. FIG. 17Aillustrates one possible logic flow 1700 that may occur by the plottingsystem 1310 to generate plots. In embodiments, the logic flow 1700includes receiving an indication to generate one or more plots at block1702. The indication may be user generated via an interaction with aGUI, for example. In some embodiments, a user may provide input via aninput device and interact with a GUI that may trigger or cause executionof one or more portions of code. For example, the input may trigger orcause macro code to run by the plotting system 1310. Table 1 belowillustrates one possible example of macro code that may be run togenerate a PD plot using a reduced dataset.

TABLE 1 %PDPlot (IDS=sampsio.hmeq, metadata = work.metadata, plotVars =mortdue value, scoreCode = %nrbquote(c:\temp\treeCode.sas), obsHandling= cluster, obsClusters = 100, interval2DPlot = contour,configFile=/u/rawrig/m□srv.cfg);

In Table 1, the macro code defines a number of variables that may beused by the plotting system 1310 to generate plots. For example, themacro code may indicate a location for the dataset (IDS), definemetadata, indicate variables to plot (plotVars), indicate score code ofa model to use (scoreCode), indicate a grouping to use to cluster data(obsHandler), indicate a number of groups (obsClusters), indicate a typeof plot (interval2DPlot), and indicate a location of a configurationfile (configFile). Embodiments are not limited to the example macro ofTable 1.

In embodiments, the logic flow 1700 includes obtaining the dataset toutilize to generate the plots at bock 1704. The dataset may be stored inone or more storage locations in storage. The plotting system 1310 mayidentify the dataset and the location of the dataset based on theinformation in the macro code. In the illustrated example in Table 1,the dataset may be identified as “sampsio.hmeg,” for example. In someembodiments, the dataset may be identified by a user via an inputdevice. The dataset may include observations and may be a reduceddataset including replication of data based on the number of plotvariables.

At block 1706, the logic flow 1700 includes determining a model to useto run the dataset through to generate the plots. Similarly, the modelmay also be identified in the macro code. In the illustrated example,the model and a location of the model may be identified by the“scoreCode” variable in the macro code, e.g., scoreCode=%nrbquote(c:\temp\treeCode.sas). The identified model and, in particular,the score code may be a score function used to process the dataset togenerate the plots. For example, the plotting system 1310 may score eachof the clusters using a scoring function of the model using the clustercentroids as observations. The scores may be ŷ values. Thus, average ŷvalues or average scores may be determined across the clusters and theaverage scores are weighted using the cluster frequency to generateaverage weighted scores. In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 mayidentify other variables that may be used to generate the plots at block1708. For example, the plotting system 1310 may determine the metadatafor generating the plot, variables to plot, a grouping to use, a numberof groups, a type of plot, and a location of a configuration file withfurther configuration information.

At block 1710, the plotting system 1310 may generate one or more plotsusing the information provided in the macro code, the dataset, the modeland so forth. For example, the plotting system 1310 may generate one ormore plots and each plot corresponds with a variable of the one or morevariables plotted against one of the weighted average scores by applyingthe model to the reduced dataset to visually indicate the effect thatthe one or more variables has on the predicted outcome. In someinstances, e.g. for continuous variable, many unique values may exists.In these instances, binning or another grouping method may be applied tothe values to reduce the number of replications. The plots may begenerated and presented to a user in a display on a display device.Embodiments are not limited to this example.

In some embodiments, the plotting system 1310 may generate segmentedplots where one or more plots or lines may each represent a number ofplots or lines. FIG. 17B illustrates one possible logic flow 1750 thatmay occur by the plotting system 1310 including the plot generationcontroller 1318 to generate segmented plots. In embodiments, the logicflow 1750 includes receiving an indication to generate one or moresegmented plots at block 1752. The segmented plots may be one or morecurves each representing a number of additional curves. The indicationmay be user generated via an interaction with a GUI, for example. Insome embodiments, a user may provide an input via an input interactingwith GUI that may trigger or cause execution of code. For example, theinput may trigger or cause a macro to run by the plotting system 1310.Table 2 below illustrates one possible example of macro code that may berun to generate a segmented ICE plot.

TABLE 2 %icePlot( IDS=sampsio.hmeq, plotVar=CLNO,predictedValues=P_DEBTINC, otherVars=JOB REASON CLAGE DEROG LOAN MORTDUENINQ VALUE YOJ, codeFile=%nrbQuote(c:\temp\treeCode.sas), sampProp=1,maxClusters=10 );

In Table 2, the macro code defines a number of variables that may beused by the plotting system 1310 to generate segmented plots. Forexample, the macro code may set a location for the dataset (IDS), definemetadata, indicate one or more variables to plot (plotVars), indicatepredicted values (predictedValues), define other variables (otherVars)such as a range of values for the variables to plot, indicate score codeor score function of a model to use (codeFile), indicate whether togroup or sample the dataset (sampProp), and indicate a maximum number ofgroups or clusters to use when clustering the curves (maxClusters).Although not illustrated, a macro code to generate a segmented plot mayalso indicate a type of plot and additional configuration used togenerate the plot. Embodiments are not limited to the example macro ofTable 2.

In embodiments, the logic flow 1750 includes obtaining the dataset toutilize to generate the ICE plots at bock 1754. The dataset may bestored in one or more storage locations in storage, and the plottingsystem 1310 may obtain the dataset from storage. For example, theplotting system 1310 may identify the dataset and the location of thedataset based on the information in the macro code. In the illustratedexample in Table 2, the dataset may be identified as “sampsio.hmeg,” forexample. In some embodiments, the dataset may be identified by a uservia an input, for example. The dataset may include observations. Thedataset used to generate segmented plots may be a full dataset if it issmall or a grouping (clustering) operation may be applied to the datasetif the dataset is large. For example, clustering may be applied to thedataset as discussed in FIGS. 14-16 prior to generating the segmentedplots. In another example, the dataset may be sampled prior togenerating the segmented plots, e.g., observations or data may be chosenat random based on an indicated number of samples desired. Embodimentsare not limited to these examples.

At block 1756, the logic flow 1750 includes determining a model to useto run the dataset though to generate the segmented plots. The model mayalso be identified in the macro code. In the illustrated example, themodel and a location of the model may be identified by the “codeFile”variable in the macro code, e.g., codeFile=%nrbquote(c:\temp\treeCode.sas). The identified model and, in particular,the score code may be used to process the dataset to generate thesegments plots. In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 may identifyother variables that may be used to generate the plots at block 1758.For example, the plotting system 1310 may determine the metadata forgenerating the plot, one or more variables to plot, predicted values,and so forth based on information in the macro code.

At block 1760, the plotting system 1310 may compute curves based on thedataset and the model. More specifically, the plotting system 1310 maydetermine a variable to plot and a range of values for the variable. Thevariable may be the input to the model and the range of values mayrepresent possible values for the variable to be used as inputs togenerate curves. The variable and the range of values may be specifiedin the macro code and/or provider by a user of plotting system 1310. Therange of values may be determined by a range determination functionspecified in the macro code, e.g. executes the process “freqtab.” Inembodiments, the plotting system 1310 may compute a curve for eachobservation in the dataset across the range of values. Each observationwill have an associated curve, e.g., if there are 1000 observations inthe dataset, a 1000 curves will be computed. Thus, large datasets canquickly overburden computing resources when plotting curves.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 may determine a number ofclusters of curves to generate to plot at block 1762. For example, theplotting system 1310 may apply the ABC method using data-orientedreference distributions to determine an optimal number of proxy curvesto plot. In other instances, the number of proxy curves to plot may beuser determined entered via an input. Embodiments are not limited tothese examples, and other methods may be used.

At block 1764, the plotting system 1310 may perform a groupingoperation, such as k-prototype clustering, to segment or group theindividual curves to reduce computing resource usage when plotting thecurves. The plotting system 1310 may apply k-prototypes clustering tothe individual curves to derive k clusters and k center curves which maybe proxy curves for the cluster of curves, where k is the number ofproxy curves determined at block 1762. More specifically, the clustercenter curves are treated as a proxy representation of the originalcurves. The cluster center curves may be determined by minimizing thesquared distances from the individual curves of the cluster. Thus, theproxy curves retain the original input features but with a greatlyreduced number of curves and data points presenting the curves. At block1766, the plotting system 1310 may generate one or more plots of proxycurves using the score code, dataset, variables, and so forth. The plotsmay be presented to a user in a display on a display device.

The plotting system 1310 also includes a plot display controller 1320that may present plots and handle user inputs to manipulate the plots,e.g., present individual curves based on a selection of a segmented orproxy curve for segmented plots. FIG. 18 illustrates one possible logicflow 1800 that may occur to present plots and handle user inputs. Aspreviously, the plotting system 1310 may generate one or more plotsusing a dataset. At block 1802, the one or more plots may be presentedin a display on a display device. For example, the plot displaycontroller 1320 may present the plots in GUI display that can bepresented on a display device, such as a computer screen, monitor, aprojector, and so forth. Moreover, the plot display controller 1320 maypresent the plots in that GUI, which may be enabled to accept user inputvia an input device such as a keyboard, mouse, and so forth. A user maybe able to manipulate or interact with the plots. For example, a usermay be to zoom in or out on various sections of the plots, rotate theplots, highlight one or more plots (and corresponding data), draw on theplots, select segmented plots, and so forth. At block 1804, the plotdisplay controller 1320 may determine whether any inputs are directed,e.g., an interaction with the GUI and plots.

The plot display controller 1320 may update the display and the plotsbased on the input at block 1808 when an input detected. For example,the plot display controller 1320 may zoom in or out on a particular areaof the display, may rotate the display of the plots, highlight plots inthe display, draw an object or figure on the plots, and so forth. Inembodiments, the plot display controller 1320 may also process aselection on a segmented or proxy curve representing a number ofindividual curves. The plot display controller 1320 may update thedisplay and present each of the individual curves represented by theproxy curve. In one example, the curves computed and represented by theproxy curve, but not presented may be utilized by the plot displaycontroller 1320 to present in the display. The plot display controller1320 may also accept additional inputs when displaying the individualcurves. As similarly discussed above, a user may zoom in or out on aportion of the display, rotate the display of the plots, highlight oneor more plots, and so forth. These interactions may be provided by auser through the use of an input device, such as a keyboard, mouse,etc., and processed by the system including the plot display controller1320.

At block 1806, the plot display controller 1320 may determine whether toend the presentation of the display including the plots when an input isnot detected at block 1804. If the display is to be continued to bedisplayed, the plot display controller 1320 continues to determinewhether any inputs are detected at block 1804. If the presentation is tobe ended, the plot display controller 1320 may cause the display tocease being displayed.

FIGS. 19A/19B illustrate examples of systems 1900 and 1950 displayingplots 1902 and 1952, respectively. More specifically, FIG. 19Aillustrates a PD plot 1902 of a single variable “CLNO” and the effectson a predicted value “DEBTINC.” The plotting system 1310 may receive oneor more inputs that may be utilized by the plotting system 1310. The oneor more inputs may include data inputs, such as an indication of alocation for the dataset, metadata, an indication of variables to plot,an indication of a score code of a model to use, an indication of agrouping to use to cluster data, an indication of a number of groups, anindication of a type of plot, and an indication of a location of aconfiguration file. The data inputs may further include the datasetitself, the model code, and so forth.

In embodiments, the plotting system 1310 may utilize the inputs togenerate the plot 1902 and display information such that the plot 1902may be presented on the display device 1342 of the display system 1340.For example, the plotting system 1310 may process the indication of thedataset and an indication of the model score code for the model todetermine and retrieve the dataset and model score code to generate theone or more plots. The plotting system 1310 may also process anindication of a type of clustering to perform on the data set, andperform the clustering on the dataset to generate the clusters based onthe indication of the type of cluster, e.g., k-prototype clustering.Further, the plotting system 1310 may process an indication of one ormore variables to plot, determine the number of variables to plot basedon the indication of the one or more variables and replicate each of thecluster center values of the reduced dataset once for each of the numberof variables to plot. The reduced dataset with replicated cluster centervalues may act as proxy representations and are used to generate theplot 1902. Embodiments are not limited to these examples. The plottingsystem 1310 may process additional information and data to generate theplots.

FIG. 19B illustrates an example of an ICE plot 1952 including clusteredor segmented curves each of which represents a plurality of curves. Inthe illustrated example, the plotting system 1310 may receive andprocess one or more inputs, such as a location for the dataset,metadata, variables to plot, predicted values, other variables, scorecode of a model to use, indicate whether to group or sample the dataset,and an indication of a maximum number of groups or clusters to use whenclustering the curves. The inputs may also include the dataset itselfand the score code for the model. The plotting system 1310 may utilizethe inputs and generate the ICE plots 1952. The plotting system 1310 maycommunicate display information to a display 1342 and a display system1340 which may present the ICE plots 1952. Embodiments are not limitedin this manner.

FIGS. 20A-20D illustrate further examples of PD plots 2010, 2030, 2060,and 2090. Each of the PD plots 2010, 2030, 2060, and 2090 illustrate thesame dataset processed with the same model and score code, but withdifferent levels of fidelity, e.g., the number of clusters utilized toreduce the dataset. FIG. 20A illustrates PD plot 2010 expressinginformation in a heat map 2D plot using 250 clusters to generate thereduced dataset, FIG. 20B illustrates PD plot 2030 expressinginformation in a heat map 2D plot using 50 clusters to generate thereduced dataset, FIG. 20C illustrates PD plot 2060 expressinginformation in a heat map 2D plot using 20 clusters to generate thereduced dataset, and FIG. 20D illustrates PD plot 2090 expressinginformation in a heat map 2D plot using 10 clusters to generate thereduced dataset. As clearly illustrated in FIGS. 20A-20D, as the numberof clusters, decreases fidelity and usefulness of plot decreases.However, as the number of clusters increases more computer resources areutilized, and generation of the plots takes longer. Thus, the numberclusters used to generate a PD plot is generally a balance between adesired level of fidelity and resources available. In embodiments, auser may specify a number of clusters; the plotting system may determinea number of clusters using the ABC method, or the plotting system maydetermine the number of clusters using another method. Embodiments arenot limited in this manner.

FIGS. 21A-21E illustrate segmented ICE plots 2115, 2130, 2145, 2160, and2175. More specifically, each of the segmented ICE plots 2115, 2130,2145, 2160, and 2175 illustrate plots with clustered curves (5) in theleft-handed display device 1342 and individual curves represented by anindicated one of the clustered curves in the right-handed display 1342.More specifically, FIG. 21A illustrates 5 clustered curves presented onthe left-hand display 2117-1 with cluster 1 selected. The right-handdisplay 2117-2 of FIG. 21A illustrates the individual curves that arerepresented by the cluster 1 curve. Similarly, the right-hand display2132-2 of FIG. 21B illustrates the individual curves that arerepresented by the cluster 2 curve illustrated in display 2132-1, theright-hand display 2147-2 of FIG. 21C illustrates the individual curvesthat are represented by the cluster 3 curve illustrated in the display2147-1, the right-hand display 2162-2 of FIG. 21D illustrates theindividual curves that are represented by the cluster 4 curveillustrated in display 2162-1, and the right-hand display 2177-2 of FIG.21E illustrates the individual curves that are represented by thecluster 5 curve illustrated in display 2177-1. As previously discussed,a user may select one of the segmented or clustered curves using aninput device and a GUI that may be presented on the display device 1342.The plotting system 1310 may then generate and present the individualcurves on the display device 1342 as found in each one of the right-handdisplays 2117-2, 2132-2, 2147-2, 2162-2, and 2177-2 based on theselection. Embodiments are not limited in this manner.

FIGS. 22A/22B illustrate an example of a logic flow 2200. The logic flow2200 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed byone or more embodiments described herein. For example, the logic flow2200 may illustrate operations performed by the plotting system 1310, asdiscussed in Figures FIGS. 13A-21E. In the illustrated embodiment shownin FIGS. 22A/22B, the logic flow 2200 includes determining a dataset anda model to generate one or more partial dependence (PD) plots, each ofthe one or more PD plots to visually indicate an effect thatcorresponding one or more variables has on a predicted outcome at block2205. In embodiments, the dataset and the model may be determined basedon information in a macro code that may be executed or run by theplotting system 1310. For example, the macro code may include anindication of a location of the data and a location of the score codefor the model. In another example, a user may provide an indication ofthe dataset and the model via an input device, e.g., keyboard/mouseinput. In embodiments, the dataset and model, which may also indicatescore code or a score function, may be utilized by the plotting system1310 to generate one or more plots. These plots can indicate an effectthat corresponding variables have on a predicted outcome, e.g., allows auser to gain insight into what is generally considered a block boxmodel. The variables and the predicted outcome(s) may also be indicatedin the macro code along with other information, as previously discussed.

At block 2210, the logic flow 2200 includes performing clustering on thedataset to generate a number of clusters of data for the dataset, eachcluster of data comprising a cluster center value, each of the clustercenter values to represent data in a corresponding cluster. Theclustering may be grouping operation and the type of clustering utilizedmay also be specified in the macro code and/or by a user of the plottingsystem 1310. In one example, the clustering may be k-prototypeclustering applied to the dataset. Further, the number of clustersgenerated may also be specified macro code, provided by a user, and/ordetermined via utilization of the ABC method.

In embodiments, the logic flow 2200 includes generating a reduceddataset including each of the cluster center values representing data inthe corresponding cluster at block 2215. Further and a block 2220, thelogic flow 2200 includes replicating each of the cluster center valuesof the reduced dataset for each of the one or more variables, wherein anumber of replications of the cluster center values equal a number ofthe one or more variables to plot. For example, if the number ofvariables is two, the cluster center values may be replicated two timesin the reduced dataset. In another example, if the number of variablesis five, the cluster center values may be replicated five times in thereduced dataset. Thus, each cluster center value may be in the dataset xnumber of times for x number of variables plotted.

The logic flow 2200 includes scoring each of the clusters using thecluster center values and the model to generate a score for each of theclusters at block 2225. In embodiments, the cluster center values may bescored by applying score function of the model and the scores may bethey values, as previously discussed. Further and at block 2230,embodiments include generating average scores for the clusters byaveraging the scores across the clusters. At block 2235, embodimentinclude generate weighted average scores by weighting the average scoreswith cluster frequencies for the clusters. In embodiments, the weightedaverage scores may be the weighted average ŷ values.

The logic flow 2200, at block 2230, includes generating the one or morePD plots each corresponding with a variable of the one or more variablesplotted against one of the weighted average scores by applying the modelto the reduced dataset to visually indicate the effect that the one ormore variables has on the predicted outcome. At block 2235, the logicflow 2200 includes presenting the one or more PD plots in a display on adisplay device.

FIG. 23 illustrate an example of a logic flow 2300. The logic flow 2300may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by oneor more embodiments described herein. For example, the logic flow 2300may illustrate operations performed by the plotting system 1310, asdiscussed in Figures FIGS. 13A-21E. In the illustrated embodiment shownin FIG. 23, the logic flow 2300 includes identifying a dataset and amodel to generate Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots, thedataset comprising observations and the ICE plots to visually indicatean effect that a variable has on a predicted outcome at block 2305. Inembodiments, the dataset and the model may be determined based oninformation in macro code that may be executed or run by the plottingsystem 1310. For example, the macro code may include an indication of alocation of the dataset and a location of the score code for the model.In another example, a user may provide an indication of the dataset andthe model via an input device, e.g., keyboard/mouse input. Inembodiments, the dataset and model (score code) may be utilized by theplotting system 1310 to generate the ICE plots. These plots can indicatean effect that the variable has on a predicted outcome.

At block 2310, the logic flow 2300 includes identify a range of valuesfor the variable to compute individual curves for the observations. Therange of values may be all possible values for the variable between alower bound and an upper bound. The range of values may be positive andnegative integers, fractional values, rational values, non-integervalues, and so forth and may be dependent on the variable and dataset.In embodiments, the range of values may be specified in macro code, by auser of the system, determine the plotting system 1310, and so forth.Embodiments are not limited in this manner.

At block 2315 the logic flow 2300 includes computing individual curvesfor the observations of the dataset, wherein an individual curve iscomputed for each observation by varying the variable over the range ofvalues for the observation using the model. Thus, for every observationin the dataset, a different individual curve will be generated, e.g.,1000 individual curves will be generated for a 1000 observations. Theplotting system 1310 may compute each of the individual curves bydetermining data points for the individual curves based on varying thevariable over the range of values for a particular observation.

The logic flow 2300 includes performing segmenting of the individualcurves to generate a number of clusters of curves, each cluster ofcurves comprising a subset of the individual curves and each of thesubsets of the individual curves represented by a respective proxy curveat block 2320. For example, the plotting system 1310 may performk-prototype clustering to generate the clusters of curves. Moreover, thenumber of clusters to generate may be determined by applying the ABCmethod to the set of individual curves generated and based on a maximumnumber of curves permitted or specified in macro code.

At block 2325, the logic flow 2300 includes plotting each of the proxycurves to visually indicate the effect the variable has on the predictedoutcome. Further and at block 2330, the logic flow includes presentingthe ICE plots of the proxy curves in a display on a display device.

Embodiments discussed herein may also include the logic to generate themodels and make predictions for a target variable. Other embodimentsinclude a computer-implemented method, and/or at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions thatwhen executed cause processing circuitry to perform the variousoperations discussed herein. These embodiments may provide technicaladvantages over previous systems by enabling a user of the system tointeract with decision tree data structures to flag anomalies inreal-time.

As discussed, some systems may use Hadoop®, an open-source framework forstoring and analyzing big data in a distributed computing environment togenerate models and probabilities of occurrence as discussed herein.Some systems may use cloud computing, which can enable ubiquitous,convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurablecomputing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, andservices) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimalmanagement effort or service provider interaction. Some grid systems maybe implemented as a multi-node Hadoop® cluster, as understood by aperson of skill in the art. Apache™ Hadoop® is an open-source softwareframework for distributed computing. Some systems may use the SAS® LASR™Analytic Server in order to deliver statistical modeling and machinelearning capabilities in a highly interactive programming environment,which may enable multiple users to concurrently manage data, transformvariables, perform exploratory analysis, build and compare models andscore with virtually no regards on the size of the data stored inHadoop®. Some systems may use SAS In-Memory Statistics for Hadoop® toread big data once and analyze it several times by persisting itin-memory for the entire session.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: processing circuitry;and memory to store instructions that, when executed by the processingcircuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: receive an indication togenerate Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots, the indicationreceived based on an interaction with a graphical user interface (GUI);identify a dataset and a model to generate the ICE plots, the datasetcomprising observations and the ICE plots to visually indicate an effectthat a variable has on a predicted outcome; identify a range of valuesfor the variable to compute individual curves for the observations;compute individual curves for the observations of the dataset, whereinan individual curve is computed for each observation by varying thevariable over the range of values for the observation using the model;perform segmenting of the individual curves to generate a number ofclusters of curves, each cluster of curves comprising a subset of theindividual curves and each of the subsets of the individual curvesrepresented by a respective proxy curve; plot each of the proxy curvesto visually indicate the effect the variable has on the predictedoutcome; present the ICE plots of the proxy curves in the GUI of adisplay on a display device, and each respective proxy curve isselectable to drill down on one of the subsets of individual curveswithin the cluster of curves; receive a selection of a subset ofindividual curves via another interaction with the GUI; and present thesubset of individual curves selected in the GUI.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, the processing circuitry to: perform k-prototype clustering tocluster the curves; and determine cluster center curves for the clustersof curves, wherein each cluster center curve is the respective proxycurve for one of the cluster of curves.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, theprocessing circuitry to: receive an indication of a selection of one ofthe respective proxy curves, the selection made via a user input device;determine a subset of individual curves associated with the selectedproxy curve; plot each curve of the subset of the individual curvesassociated with the selected proxy curve; and present the plots of thecurves in the display on the display device.
 4. The apparatus of claim1, the processing circuitry to detect an input, the input to initializeprocessing of macro code to generate the proxy curves to plot, the macrocode to provide one or more of an indication of the dataset, anindication of the variable, an indication of a range of values for thevariable, an indication of model score code for the model, an indicationof the predicted outcome, an indication of a maximum number of clusterof curves, and an indication whether to sample or cluster observationsof the dataset.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, the processing circuitryto: determine a potential number of clusters of curves to generate usingan Aligned Box Criterion (ABC) method; determine a maximum number ofcluster of curves specified in macro code; and generate whichever islesser, the potential number of clusters of curves or the maximum numberof cluster of curves.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, the processingcircuitry to determine whether to perform sampling or clustering on thedataset prior to computing the individual curves based on a setting inmacro code.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, the processing circuitry toperform sampling on the dataset to a reduced dataset comprising a randomsample of the observations, and wherein the reduced dataset is used tocompute the individual curves.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, theprocessing circuitry to: perform clustering on the dataset to generate anumber of clusters of observations for the dataset, each cluster ofobservations comprising a cluster center value, each of the clustercenter values to represent observations in a corresponding cluster; andgenerate a reduced dataset including each of the cluster center valuesrepresenting observations in the corresponding cluster, the reduced dataset used to compute the individual curves.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1,comprising: an input device coupled with the memory and the processingcircuitry; the display device coupled with the input device, the memory,and the processing circuitry, the display device operable to present theplots; and the processing circuitry to receive, by an input device, oneor more inputs to manipulate at least one of the one or more ICE plots,and in response to receive the one or more inputs, performing amanipulation including one or more of zooming in a section of a plot,zooming out on a section of a plot, rotating one or more plots,highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, and selecting a plot.
 10. Acomputer-implemented method, comprising: receiving an indication togenerate Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots, the indicationreceived based on an interaction with a graphical user interface (GUI);identifying a dataset and a model to generate the ICE plots, the datasetcomprising observations and the ICE plots to visually indicate an effectthat a variable has on a predicted outcome; identifying a range ofvalues for the variable to compute individual curves for theobservations; computing individual curves for the observations of thedataset, wherein an individual curve is computed for each observation byvarying the variable over the range of values for the observation usingthe model; performing segmenting of the individual curves to generate anumber of clusters of curves, each cluster of curves comprising a subsetof the individual curves and each of the subsets of the individualcurves represented by a respective proxy curve; plotting each of theproxy curves to visually indicate the effect the variable has on thepredicted outcome; presenting the ICE plots of the proxy curves in theGUI of a display on a display device, and each respective proxy curve isselectable to drill down on one of the subsets of individual curveswithin the cluster of curves; receiving a selection of a subset ofindividual curves via another interaction with the GUI; and presentingthe subset of individual curves selected in the GUI.
 11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 10, comprising: performingk-prototype clustering to cluster the curves; and determining clustercenter curves for the clusters of curves, wherein each cluster centercurve is the respective proxy curve for one of the cluster of curves.12. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, comprising: receivingan indication of a selection of one of the respective proxy curves, theselection made via a user input device; determining a subset ofindividual curves associated with the selected proxy curve; plottingeach curve of the subset of the individual curves associated with theselected proxy curve; and presenting the plots of the curves in thedisplay on the display device.
 13. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 10, comprising detecting an input, the input to initializeprocessing of macro code to generate the proxy curves to plot, the macrocode to provide one or more of an indication of the dataset, anindication of the variable, an indication of a range of values for thevariable, an indication of model score code for the model, an indicationof the predicted outcome, an indication of a maximum number of clusterof curves, and an indication whether to sample or cluster observationsof the dataset.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 10,comprising: determining a potential number of clusters of curves togenerate using an Aligned Box Criterion (ABC) method; determining amaximum number of cluster of curves specified in macro code; andgenerating whichever is lesser, the potential number of clusters ofcurves or the maximum number of cluster of curves.
 15. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 10, comprising determining whetherto perform sampling or clustering on the dataset prior to computing theindividual curves based on a setting in macro code.
 16. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 10, comprising performing samplingon the dataset to a reduced dataset comprising a random sample of theobservations, and wherein the reduced dataset is used to compute theindividual curves.
 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 10,comprising: performing clustering on the dataset to generate a number ofclusters of observations for the dataset, each cluster of observationscomprising a cluster center value, each of the cluster center values torepresent observations in a corresponding cluster; and generating areduced dataset including each of the cluster center values representingobservations in the corresponding cluster, the reduced data set used tocompute the individual curves.
 18. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 10, comprising receiving, by an input device, one or more inputsto manipulate at least one of the one or more ICE plots, and in responseto receive the one or more inputs performing a manipulation includingone or more of zooming in a section of a plot, zooming out on a sectionof a plot, rotating one or more plots, highlighting a plot, drawing on aplot, and selecting a plot.
 19. At least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that whenexecuted cause processing circuitry to: receive an indication togenerate Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots, the indicationreceived based on an interaction with a graphical user interface (GUI);identify a dataset and a model to generate the ICE plots, the datasetcomprising observations and the ICE plots to visually indicate an effectthat a variable has on a predicted outcome; identify a range of valuesfor the variable to compute individual curves for the observations;compute individual curves for the observations of the dataset, whereinan individual curve is computed for each observation by varying thevariable over the range of values for the observation using the model;perform segmenting of the individual curves to generate a number ofclusters of curves, each cluster of curves comprising a subset of theindividual curves and each of the subsets of the individual curvesrepresented by a respective proxy curve; plot each of the proxy curvesto visually indicate the effect the variable has on the predictedoutcome; present the ICE plots of the proxy curves in the GUI of adisplay on a display device, and each respective proxy curve isselectable to drill down on one of the subsets of individual curveswithin the cluster of curves; receive a selection of a subset ofindividual curves via another interaction with the GUI; and present thesubset of individual curves selected in the GUI.
 20. The at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19 comprisinginstructions that when executed cause processing circuitry to: performk-prototype clustering to cluster the curves; and determine clustercenter curves for the clusters of curves, wherein each cluster centercurve is the respective proxy curve for one of the cluster of curves.21. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 19 comprising instructions that when executed cause processingcircuitry to: receive an indication of a selection of one of therespective proxy curves, the selection made via a user input device;determine a subset of individual curves associated with the selectedproxy curve; plot each curve of the subset of the individual curvesassociated with the selected proxy curve; and present the plots of thecurves in the display on the display device.
 22. The at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19 comprisinginstructions that when executed cause processing circuitry to detect aninput, the input to initialize processing of macro code to generate theproxy curves to plot, the macro code to provide one or more of anindication of the dataset, an indication of the variable, an indicationof a range of values for the variable, an indication of model score codefor the model, an indication of the predicted outcome, an indication ofa maximum number of cluster of curves, and an indication whether tosample or cluster observations of the dataset.
 23. The at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19 comprisinginstructions that when executed cause processing circuitry to: determinea potential number of clusters of curves to generate using an AlignedBox Criterion (ABC) method; determine a maximum number of cluster ofcurves specified in macro code; and generate whichever is lesser, thepotential number of clusters of curves or the maximum number of clusterof curves.
 24. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 19 comprising instructions that when executed causeprocessing circuitry to determine whether to perform sampling orclustering on the dataset prior to computing the individual curves basedon a setting in macro code.
 25. The at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 19 comprising instructionsthat when executed cause processing circuitry to perform sampling on thedataset to a reduced dataset comprising a random sample of theobservations, and wherein the reduced dataset is used to compute theindividual curves.
 26. The at least one non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 19 comprising instructions that when executedcause processing circuitry to: perform clustering on the dataset togenerate a number of clusters of observations for the dataset, eachcluster of observations comprising a cluster center value, each of thecluster center values to represent observations in a correspondingcluster; and generate a reduced dataset including each of the clustercenter values representing observations in the corresponding cluster,the reduced data set used to compute the individual curves.
 27. The atleast one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19comprising instructions that when executed cause processing circuitryto: receive, by an input device, one or more inputs to manipulate atleast one of the one or more ICE plots, and in response to receiving theone or more inputs, perform a manipulation including one or more ofzooming in a section of a plot, zooming out on a section of a plot,rotating one or more plots, highlighting a plot, drawing on a plot, andselecting a plot.